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New institutional economics (NIE) is an economic perspective that attempts to extend economics by focusing on the social and legal norms and rules (which are institutions) that underlie economic activity and with analysis beyond earlier institutional economics and neoclassical economics.[1] It can be seen as a broadening step to include aspects excluded in neoclassical economics. It rediscovers aspects of classical political economy.
NIE has its roots in two articles by Ronald Coase, "The Nature of the Firm" (1937) and "The Problem of Social Cost" (1960). In the latter, the Coase Theorem (subsequently so termed) maintains that without transaction costs alternative property right assignments can equivalently internalize conflicts and externalities. Therefore, comparative institutional analysis arising from such assignments is required to make recommendations about efficient internalization of externalities and institutional design, including Law and Economics.
At present NIE analyses are built on a more complex set of methodological principles and criteria. They work within a modified Neoclassical framework in considering both efficiency and distribution issues, in contrast to "traditional," "old" or "original" institutional economics, which is critical of mainstream neoclassical economics.[2]
The term 'new institutional economics' was coined by Oliver Williamson in 1975.[3]
Among the many aspects in current NIE analyses are these: organizational arrangements, property rights,[4] transaction costs,[5] credible commitments, modes of governance, persuasive abilities, social norms, ideological values, decisive perceptions, gained control, enforcement mechanism, asset specificity, human assets, social capital, asymmetric information, strategic behavior, bounded rationality, opportunism, adverse selection, moral hazard, contractual safeguards, surrounding uncertainty, monitoring costs, incentives to collude, hierarchical structures, bargaining strength, etc.
Major scholars associated with the subject include Armen Alchian, Harold Demsetz,[6][7] Steven N. S. Cheung,[8][9] Avner Greif, Yoram Barzel, Claude Menard (economist) and four Nobel laureates — Ronald Coase,[10][11] Douglass North,[12][13] Elinor Ostrom[14] and Oliver Williamson.[15] A convergence of such researchers resulted in founding the International Society for New Institutional Economics in 1997.
Although no single, universally accepted set of definitions has been developed, most scholars doing research under the NIE methodological principles and criteria follow
Firms, Universities, clubs, medical associations, unions etc. are some examples.
Because some institutional frameworks are realities always "nested" inside other broader institutional frameworks, this clear demarcation is always blurred in actual situations. A case in point is a University. When the average quality of its teaching services must be evaluated, for example, a University may be approached as an organization with its people, physical capital, the general governing rules common to all that were passed by the University governing bodies etc. However, if the task consists of evaluating people's performance in a specific teaching department, for example, along with their own internal formal and informal rules, then the University as a whole enters the picture as an institution. General University rules, then, form part of the broader institutional framework influencing people's performance at the said teaching department.
World Bank, Politics, United Nations, Corporate governance, Public administration
University of Chicago, Authority control, New institutional economics, Northwestern University, Economics
University of Maryland, College Park, North Dakota State University, North Dakota, Maryland, Institutional economics