World Library  
My Account |  Register |  Help  
  
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article

International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

Article Id: WHEBN0001569939
Reproduction Date:

Title: International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects  
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Primanti Brothers, Outline of Australia, Draperstown, Manglish, IPA-cmn
Collection: English Phonology, International Phonetic Alphabet, Language Comparison
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.

See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

Contents

  • Chart 1
  • See also 2
  • Notes 3
  • References 4
  • External links 5

Chart

This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.

IPA: English consonants
[1] Phones Examples
p pʰ, p pen, spin, tip
b b but, web
t tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ[2] two, sting, bet
d d, ɾ[3] do, odd
t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ, t͡ʃ chair, nature, teach
d͡ʒ d͡ʒ gin, joy, edge
k kʰ, k cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick
ɡ ɡ go, get, beg
f f fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v v voice, have, of
θ θ, t̪[4] thing, teeth
ð ð, d̪[5] this, breathe, father
s s see, city, pass
z z zoo, rose
ʃ ʃ she, sure, session, emotion, leash
ʒ ʒ pleasure, beige, equation, seizure
h h, ɦ,[6] ç[7] ham
m m, ɱ[8] man, ham
n n no, tin
ŋ ŋ ringer, sing,[9] finger, drink
l l, ɫ,[10] ɤ[11] w, o, ʊ[12] left, bell, sable
r ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ,[13] ɻ, ʋ[14] run, very
w w we, queen
j j yes, nyala
hw ʍ, w[15] what
 
IPA: Marginal consonants
ʔ ʔ uh-oh
x x loch (Scottish),[16] ugh[17]
 
IPA: Reduced vowels[18]
ə Reduced /ʌ, æ, ɑː, ɒ/
ɪ̈ (ɪ, ə) Reduced /ɪ, iː, ɛ, eɪ, aɪ/
ʊ̈ (ʊ, ə) Reduced /ʊ, uː/
ɵ (ə) Reduced /oʊ/
ɚ (ə) Reduced /ɜr, ɑr, ɔr/
IPA: English vowels and diphthongs
[1] AuE[19]
 CaE
 GA[20][21][22]
 InE[23]
 IrE[24]
 NZE[22][25]
 RP[26][27]
 ScE[28]
 SAE[29][30]
 SSE
 WaE[31]
 Keyword Examples
æ æ,
æː[32] 		æ, eə~ɛə[33] æ~ɛ ɑ~a~æ ɛ æ~a ɐ̟ a~æ~ɛ ɛ[34] a TRAP lad, bad, cat[35]
ɑː or æ äː äː ɐː ɑː äː~ɑː~
ɒː~ɔː 		ɑ[36] BATH pass, path, sample
ɑː ɑ~ɒ ɑ~ä ɑː aː PALM father
ɒ ɔ ɒ~ä ɑ ɔ ɒ~ɔ ɔ ɒ̈~ʌ̈ ɔ ɒ LOT not, wasp
ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[37] ɒ̈~ʌ̈,
ɔː~oː 		CLOTH off, loss, cloth, long, dog, chocolate[38]
ɔː oː ɒː ɔː oː oː ɔː~oː ɒː THOUGHT law, caught, all, halt, talk
ə ə ə ə ə ɘ ə ə ə COMMA about
ɨ ɪ̈ ɪ ɨ ɨ KIT spotted
ɪ ɪ ɪ~ə~ʌ ɪ~i, ə[39] i, ɪ ɪ sit
i i i i ɪj e, i iˑ i iː HAPPY city
iː ɪi̯ iː iː ɘi̯ ɪj i iː FLEECE see
eː~iː meat
eɪ æɪ̯ eɪ̯~e eː eː æe̯ ɛɪ̯ e eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~
æɪ̯~äɪ̯~
ʌɪ̯ 		e[40] eː FACE date
ei day, pain, whey, rein
ɛ e ɛ e~ɪ e~ɛ ɛ ɛ~e~ɪ ɛ, e[41] ɛ DRESS bed[42]
ɜr ɵː(ɹ)~
ɘː(ɹ) 		ɝ~ɚ~ɹ̩ ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ ɚː, ɔɹ~ʊɹ[43] ɵː(ɹ)~
ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~
œ̈ː(ɹ) 		əː(ɹ)~
ɜː(ɹ) 		ʌɾ[43] ø̈ː(ɹ)~
ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~
əː(ɹ) 		ə(ɹ) ɜː(ɾ) NURSE burn
ɚː, ɛɹ[43] ɛɾ[43] herd, earth
ɚː, ɔɹ~ʊɹ[43] ɪɾ~ʌɾ[43] bird
ər ə(ɹ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ə(ɾ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ɘ(ɹ) ə(ɹ) əɾ ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) LETTER winner, donor, massacre[44]
[1] AuE
 CaE
 GA
 InE
 IrE
 NZE
 RP
 ScE
 SAE
 SSE
 WaE
 Keyword Examples
ʌ ä ʌ ʌ̈~ɐ̝ ə~ɜ ɞ, ʊ ɐ ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ[45] ʌ ɐ~ä ɑ, ʌ ə~ɜ STRUT run, won, flood
ʊ ʊ ʊ~ɵ̠ ʊ~ɵ̠ ʉ ʊ~ʊ̈ u ʊ FOOT put
uː hood
uː ʉː u̟ uː ʉː ɵu̯ u̟ː~ʉː~
yː 		uː GOOSE through, you
ɪu[46] threw, yew
juː jʉː (j)u̟ juː jʉː ju̟ː~jʉː jʉ ju̟ː~jʉː~
jyː 		ju cute, dew, ewe
aɪ ɑe̯~ɑɪ̯ aɪ̯, ɐɪ̯~əɪ̯[47] äɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɐe̯ ɑɪ̯ əi̯~ae̯ äɪ̯~äː~
ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː 		ai̯, ɑ[48] ai̯ PRICE my, wise, high

flight, mice

ɔɪ oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ ɒɪ̯ ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯, äɪ̯ oe̯ oɪ̯ oi̯ ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ ɔi̯ ɒi̯ CHOICE boy, hoist
oʊ əʉ̯~ɐʉ̯ oʊ̯~o oː oʊ̯, oː ɑʉ̯ əʊ̯ o ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯~
œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~
œː~ʌʊ̯ 		o[40] oː GOAT no, toe, soap
ou̯ tow, folk
ɔʊ̯ o~oə̯~oʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ əʊ̯~ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ soul, roll, cold
aʊ æɔ̯~æʊ̯ äʊ̯, ʌu̯~əu̯[47] äʊ̯~æʊ̯ äʊ̯ æu̯~ɛu̯ æɔ̯ au̯ ɘʉ̯ äʊ̯~äː~
æʊ̯ 		au̯ MOUTH now, trout
ɑr äː(ɹ) ɑɹ äː(ɾ) aːɹ~

äːɹ

ɐː(ɹ) ɑː(ɹ) ɐ̟ɾ äː(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ)~
ɒː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) 		ɑ(ɹ) aː(ɾ) START arm, car
ɪər ɪː(ɹ)~
ɪː.ä(ɹ) 		ɪɹ iɹ~
iə̯ɹ 		ɪə̯(ɾ)~
iː(ɾ) 		iːɹ iə̯(ɹ)~
ɪə̯(ɹ),
eə̯[49] 		ɪə̯(ɹ)~
ɪː(ɹ) 		iɾ ɪə̯(ɹ)~
ɪː(ɹ) 		jə(ɹ) ɪə̯(ɾ) NEAR deer, here
ɛər eː(ɹ)~
eː.ä(ɹ) 		ɛɹ ɛ(ə̯)ɹ~
eɹ 		ɛə̯(ɾ)~
eː(ɾ) 		eːɹ iə̯(ɹ)~
eə̯(ɹ) 		ɛə̯(ɹ)~
ɛː(ɹ)[50] 		eɾ ɛə̯(ɹ)~
ɛː(ɹ)~
eː(ɹ) 		ɛ(ɹ) ɛː(ɾ) SQUARE mare, there, bear
ɔr oː(ɹ) ɔɹ ɔɹ~oɹ ɒː(ɾ) ɑɹ oː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ɔɾ ɔː(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		ɔ(ɹ) ɒː(ɾ) NORTH sort, warm
ɔər oːɹ oɾ oː(ɾ) FORCE tore, boar, port
ʊər ʉː.ə(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		ʊɹ ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ ʊə̯(ɾ)~
uː(ɾ) 		uːɹ,
oːɹ 		ʊɐ̯(ɹ)~
ʉː.ɐ(ɹ) 		ɵː(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ)[51] 		uɾ ʊə̯(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		wə(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɾ) CURE tour, moor
jʊər jʉː.ə(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ) 		jʊɹ, jɝ~jɚ jʊə̯(ɾ)~
juː(ɾ) 		juɹ, joːɹ jʊɐ̯(ɹ),
jʉː.ɐ(ɹ) 		jɵː(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ) 		juɾ jʊə̯(ɹ),
joː(ɹ) 		jɔ(ɹ) ɪʊə̯(ɾ) pure, Europe
[1] AuE
 CaE
 GA
 InE
 IrE
 NZE
 RP
 ScE
 SAE
 SSE
 WaE
 Keyword Examples
IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/
ˌ Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
. Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/
̩ ̍ Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
  3. ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English.
  4. ^ /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
  5. ^ /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
  6. ^ The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants.
  7. ^ /h/ is pronounced [ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
  8. ^ The bilabial nasal /m/ is pronounced as labiodental [ɱ] before f and v, as in symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫjuː].
  9. ^ In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer, sing /ˈɹɪŋə ˈsɪŋ/, which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/.
  10. ^ Velarized [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
  11. ^ L-vocalization as [ɤ] is prevalent in Standard Singapore English.
  12. ^ L-vocalization as [w], [o], and [ʊ] occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents not included in the chart, such as Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, and African-American Vernacular English.
  13. ^ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
  14. ^ R-labialization as [ʋ] is found in some accents in Southern England.
  15. ^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New Englan dialects, distinguish voiceless [ʍ] from voiced [w]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.
  16. ^ Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
  17. ^ This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
  18. ^ /ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].
  19. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  20. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  21. ^ Kenyon (1950)
  22. ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  23. ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  24. ^ Wells (1982:422)
  25. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  26. ^ Roach (2004:241–243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
  27. ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. 
  28. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  29. ^ Bekker (2008)
  30. ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
  31. ^ Coupland (1990:93–136)
  32. ^ See bad–lad split for this distinction.
  33. ^ In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
  34. ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
  35. ^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
  36. ^ Deterding, David (2003) 'An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English', English World Wide, 24(1), 1–16.
  37. ^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
  38. ^ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
  39. ^ It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
  40. ^ a b Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
  41. ^ Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide "3" ("2"): 135–45.  
  42. ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
  43. ^ a b c d e f See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
  44. ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
  45. ^ The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
  46. ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
  47. ^ a b Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ɐɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əi̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʷɐi̯t] and out [ʌu̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
  48. ^ Lee, Ee May and Lim, Lisa (2000) ' Diphthongs in Singaporean English: their realisations across different formality levels, and some attitudes of listeners towards them. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 100–111.
  49. ^ This is especially common amongst young speakers.
  50. ^ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
  51. ^ Roach (2004) notes that many people in England use [oː] for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, as well as paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/. If one wishes to make that distinction today it would be best to use ɵ instead of ʊə. This will lead to tore as toː and tour as tɵː.

References

  • Bauer, L.; Warren, P.; Bardsley, D.; Kennedy, M.; Major, G. (2007). "New Zealand English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102.  
  • Bekker, Ian (2008). "The vowels of South African English" (PDF). 
  • Coupland, Nikolas (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change.  
  •  
  • Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics 17: 155–84.  
  •  
  • Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953) [1944].  
  • Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend. Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press.  
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Macquarie University. 
  • Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245.  
  • Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. pp. 17–38.  
  • Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.  
  • Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers. 
  •  
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. II: The British Isles. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.  

External links

  • IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
  • The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
  • lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers
  • Online IPA editor for English
  • Online IPA lessons and practice for American accent
  • Online/Offline IPA editor for English
  • IPA transcription systems for English – discussion by John C. Wells of RP transcriptions
 
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
 
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
 
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.
 


Copyright © World Library Foundation. All rights reserved. eBooks from Project Gutenberg are sponsored by the World Library Foundation,
a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.