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A number of inventions were made in the medieval Islamic world, a geopolitical region that has at various times extended from Spain and Africa in the west to Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent in the east.[1] The inventions listed here were developed during the medieval Islamic world, which covers a period from the early Caliphate to the later Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires.[2] In particular, the majority of inventions here date back to the Islamic Golden Age, which is traditionally dated from the 8th to the 13th centuries.[3][4] During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders in the Islamic world contributed to agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, islamic law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, and technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding inventions and innovations of their own.[5]
"There have been many civilizations in human history, almost all of which were local, in the sense that they were defined by a region and an ethnic group. This applied to all the ancient civilizations of the Middle East—Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Persia; to the great civilizations of Asia—India, China; and to the civilizations of Pre-Columbian America. There are two exceptions: Christianity and Islam. These are two civilizations defined by religion, in which religion is the primary defining force, not, as in India or China, a secondary aspect among others of an essentially regional and ethnically defined civilization. Here, again, another word of explanation is necessary."
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Russia, United Kingdom, Syria
Turkey, Byzantine Empire, World War I, Turkish language, Sultanate of Rum
Avicenna, Arabic language, Crusades, Muhammad, Spain
Avicenna, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Quran, Averroes
Oclc, Critical theory, Émile Durkheim, Qualitative research, Philosophy of science
Islam, Quran, Fiqh, Islamic philosophy, Sharia
Information technology, South Korea, Manufacturing, Japan, Finland
Islamic studies, Islamic art, Islamic philosophy, Sufism, History of Islam
Algebra, History of Europe, Chemistry, India, Thabit Ibn Qurra