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Fuad I (Arabic: فؤاد الأول Fu’ād al-Awwal, Turkish: I. Fuad or Ahmed Fuad Paşa); 26 March 1868 - 28 April 1936) was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan, and Darfur. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty, he became Sultan of Egypt and Sudan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Sultan Hussein Kamel. He substituted the title of King for Sultan when the United Kingdom recognised Egyptian independence in 1922. His name is sometimes spelled Fouad.
Fuad was born in Giza Palace in Cairo, the seventh son of Isma'il the Magnificent.[2] His mother was Farial Kadin.[3]
Prior to becoming sultan, Fuad had played a major role in the establishment of Cairo University. He became the university's first rector in 1908, and remained in the post until his resignation in 1913. He was succeeded as rector by then-minister of Justice Hussein Rushdi Pasha. In 1913, Fuad made unsuccessful attempts to secure for himself the throne of Albania, which had obtained its independence from the Ottoman Empire a year earlier. At the time, Egypt and Sudan was ruled by his nephew, Abbas II, and the likelihood of Fuad becoming the monarch in his own country seemed remote. This, and the fact that the Muhammad Ali dynasty was of Albanian descent, encouraged Fuad to seek the Albanian throne.[4] Fuad also served as President of the Egyptian Geographic Society from 1915 until 1918.[5]
Fuad ascended the throne of the Sultanate of Egypt upon the death of his brother Hussein Kamel in 1917. In the aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt, and recognised it as a sovereign state on 28 February 1922. On 15 March 1922, Fuad issued a decree changing his title from Sultan of Egypt to King of Egypt. In 1930, he attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown by abrogating the 1923 Constitution and replacing it with a new constitution that limited the role of parliament to advisory status only. Large scale public dissatisfaction compelled him to restore the earlier constitution in 1935.
The 1923 Constitution granted Fuad vast powers. He made frequent use of his right to dissolve Parliament. During his reign, cabinets were dismissed at royal will, and parliaments never lasted for their full four-year term but were dissolved by decree.[6]
Fuad married his first wife in Cairo, 30 May 1895 at the Abbasiya Palace in Cairo, 14 February 1896, Princess Shivakiar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947). She was his cousin and the only daughter of Field Marshal Prince Ibrahim Fahmi Ahmad Pasha. They had two children, a son, Ismail Fuad, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Fawkia. Unhappily married, the couple divorced in 1898. During a dispute with the brother of his first wife, Fuad was shot in the throat. He survived, but carried that scar the rest of his life.
Fuad married his second wife at the Bustan Palace in Cairo on 24 May 1919. She was King Farouk, and four daughters, the Princesses Fawzia (who became Queen Consort of Iran), Faiza, Faika, and Fathiya.
As with his first wife, Fuad's relation with his second wife was also stormy. The couple continually fought, Fuad even forbidding Nazli from leaving the palace. When Fuad died, it was said that the triumphant Nazli sold all of his clothes to a local used-clothes market in revenge. Fuad died at the Qubba Palace in Cairo and was buried at the Khedival Mausoleum in the ar-Rifai Mosque in Cairo.
The Fuad Muslim Library in China was named after him by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting.[7]
1. Shivakiar Khanum Effendi (1876–1947)
Children
2. Nazli Sabri (1894–1978)
Sudan, Wāli, Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Khedive
Muhammad Ali Dynasty, Rome, Fuad II of Egypt, Italy, Egypt
Nile, Egypt, Canada, Ancient Egypt, Cairo Metro
Isle of Man, India, Canada, European Union, British Overseas Territories
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Egypt, California, Muhammad Ali Dynasty, Arabic language, United States
Egypt, Muhammad Ali dynasty, Alexandria, Switzerland, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Egypt, Prime Minister of Egypt, Ali Mahir Pasha, Hussein Sirri Pasha, Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha