World Health Organization : Year 1994 ; World Health Organization, Drug Programme, No. 94.8: Injection Practices in the Third World

By A. V. Reeler

Book Id: WPLBN0000117827
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 2.2 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization : Year 1994 ; World Health Organization, Drug Programme, No. 94.8: Injection Practices in the Third World
Author:	A. V. Reeler
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Reeler, A. V. (n.d.). World Health Organization : Year 1994 ; World Health Organization, Drug Programme, No. 94.8. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.us/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
AIM AND OBJECTIVES Many studies have reported on the widespread use of bio-medical drugs in developing countries, often without qualified medical advice. The informal and private sector is frequently the main supplier of drugs and types and numbers of private providers are numerous. They include shop owners, injectionists, pararnedicals in private practice, drug stores, pharmacies and medical doctors. In most developing countries injections are particularly popular. This has lead to a very widespread abuse of injections causing concern about the transmission of infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis (Wyatt 1993 and 1984, Man 1986, Guyer et al. 1980, Michel 1985, Reeler 1990). However, at the time when this research project was designed, very little was known about the extent to which legitimate and non-legitimate providers were administering injections. Cunningham's famous study of informal injection doctors in Thailand was almost unique in having sought both qualitative and quantitative information about injection practices (Cunningham 1970). Most other studies had been on the use of bio-medical drugs in general and had only en passant mentioned the problem of injections.

Table of Contents
LIST OF CONTENTS 2 . 1ZESEARCH METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 Methods used in the rural setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.3 Methods used in the urban setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.4 Evaluation of methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Socio-economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Changing disease pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The public health sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Public health in Udon Thani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 The private health sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Consumption and regulation of bio-medical drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The rural village Ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The urban slum dwelling Motak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 . THERAPY OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The history of injections in Ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Preent therapy options for rural villagers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 The district hospital in Ban Phang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The private clinics in Ban Phang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The drug stores in Ban Phang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 The provincial capital city of Udon Thani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Udorn Public Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Wattana Private Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5 . RESULTS: THE EXTENT OF INJECTION USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Treatment strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Number of households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Type of injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Children and injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Sex and injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Injections per treatment provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Injections and specific illness conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Number of drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Unknowndrugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50