An Operator's Guide to Eliminating Bias in Cem Systems

By Mclean, Brian J.

Book Id: WPLBN0000099030
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 1.2 MB
Reproduction Date: 2007

Title:	An Operator's Guide to Eliminating Bias in Cem Systems
Author:	Mclean, Brian J.
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Ecology, Natural resource issues, Environemtal protection
Collections:	Environmental Awareness Library Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	United States Environmental Protection Agency


Citation APA MLA Chicago Mclean, B. J. (n.d.). An Operator's Guide to Eliminating Bias in Cem Systems. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.us/

Description
Excerpt: At the same time, Phase I certification test review has also reveled that many sources could use assistance in recognizing the physical and operational problems that produce systematic error and the remedies avaliable to address those problems.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW: ACCURACY, PRECISION, AND BIAS IN CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2 CEM Systems and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2.1 Performance-Based Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1.2.2 Relative Accuracy Test Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1.3 Accuracy and Bias —A Conceptual View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1.3.1 Relative Accuracy Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1.3.2 Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 1.3.3 Bias Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 1.4 Eliminating Bias and the Bias Adjustment Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 1.5 Sources of Error in CEM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 1.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 1.7 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 CHAPTER 2: HIGHLIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 CHAPTER 2: BIAS DUE TO PROBE LOCATION AND STRATIFICATION . . . . . . . 2-2 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.2 Reference Method Traverse Points and Sampling Locations . . . . 2-4 2.3 Gas and Flow Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2.4 Quantifying the Degree of Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2.5 Minimizing Bias in Stratified Gas Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.5.1 Stable Stratification Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.5.2 Varying Stratification Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2.7 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 CHAPTER 3: HIGHLIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 CHAPTER 3: SOURCES OF BIAS IN EXTRACTIVE CEM SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.2 Probe Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.2.1 Source-Level Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.2.2 Dilution Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3.3 Water Entrainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 3.4 Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 3.5 Gas Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11