An Operator's Guide to Eliminating Bias in Cem Systems

By Jahnke, James A., Ph. D.

Book Id: WPLBN0000085830
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 0.1 MB
Reproduction Date: 2007

Title:	An Operator's Guide to Eliminating Bias in Cem Systems
Author:	Jahnke, James A., Ph. D.
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Ecology, Natural resource issues, Environemtal protection
Collections:	Environmental Awareness Library Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	United States Environmental Protection Agency


Citation APA MLA Chicago Jahnke Ph. , J. A. (n.d.). An Operator's Guide to Eliminating Bias in Cem Systems. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.us/

Description
Excerpt: Principal reviewers of this Guide were Elliot Lieberman, Ph.D., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA);JamesPeeler, EmissionMonitoring, Inc.;andWilliamWarren-Hicks, Ph.D.;The CadmusGroup,Inc. Theirinsightfulcomments,corrections,andcontributions to this Guide are greatly appreciated.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW: ACCURACY, PRECISION, AND BIAS IN CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2 CEM Systems and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2.1 Performance-Based Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1.2.2 Relative Accuracy Test Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1.3 Accuracy and Bias —A Conceptual View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 1.3.1 Relative Accuracy Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 1.3.2 Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 1.3.3 Bias Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 1.4 Eliminating Bias and the Bias Adjustment Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 1.5 Sources of Error in CEM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 1.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 1.7 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 CHAPTER 2: HIGHLIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 CHAPTER 2: BIAS DUE TO PROBE LOCATION AND STRATIFICATION . . . . . . . 2-2 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.2 Reference Method Traverse Points and Sampling Locations . . . . 2-4 2.3 Gas and Flow Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2.4 Quantifying the Degree of Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2.5 Minimizing Bias in Stratified Gas Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.5.1 Stable Stratification Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.5.2 Varying Stratification Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2.7 Additional Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 CHAPTER 3: HIGHLIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 CHAPTER 3: SOURCES OF BIAS IN EXTRACTIVE CEM SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.2 Probe Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.2.1 Source-Level Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.2.2 Dilution Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3.3 Water Entrainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 3.4 Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 3.5 Gas Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11