...ugh it emerges as a main property of the whole, as an extensive parameter of macro systems. In my doctoral dissertation (Ph.D. Thesis available on ... ...econd Law of Thermodynamics predicts the gradual energetic decay of physical closed systems ("entropy"). Arguably, the Universe as a whole is precis... ... order is often fighting disorder for dominance. In other words, in localized, open systems, order sometimes tends to increase and, by definition, ... ...to decrease. This is the orthodoxy. Personally, I believe otherwise. Some physical systems increase disorder, either by decaying or by actively spr... ...re weak refutations. They apply with equal force to the social "sciences" (e.g., to economics and psychology) and even to more robust fields like bi... ...o more robust fields like biology or medicine. Yet no one disputes the existence of economic behavior or the human psyche. II. Scientific Theories... ...i-Semitism - supplanted magic and alchemy. Fantastic beliefs permeate the fields of economics, sociology, and psychology, for instance. The effects ... ... fables. Indeed, one oft-neglected aspect of superstitions is their pernicious economic cost. Irrational action carries a price tag. It is impo... ...mic cost. Irrational action carries a price tag. It is impossible to optimize one's economic activity by making the right decisions and then acting ...