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The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, and were ratified on December 15, 1791.

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Landmark United States Supreme Court decisions focusing on civil rights and equal protection between 1856 and 1948.

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...gued for a divinely-ordained, hereditary, absolute monarchy. The more influential Second Treatise outlines a theory of civil society based on natural rights and contract theory. Locke begins by describing the state of nature, and goes on to explain the hypothetical rise of property and civilization, asserting that the only legitimate governments are those which have the co...

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...Maria W. Stewart was America's first black woman political writer. Between 1831 and 1833, she gave four speeches on the topics of slavery and women's rights. Meditations From The Pen of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart —published in 1879, shortly before her death—is a collection of those speeches as well as her memoir, some meditations and prayers. They are political, poetical and se...

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...Excerpt: That the English Church shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and her liberties inviolable; and we will this to be observed in such a manner, that it may appear from thence, that the freedom of elections, which was reputed most requisite to the English Church, which we granted, a...

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...na Carta 1 That the English Church shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and her liberties inviolable; and we will this to be observed in s... ...d to the deceased: and out of the residue the debt shall be paid, saving the rights of the lords (of whom the lands are held.) In like manner let it... ...out a legal verdict of their peers, of their lands, castles, lib erties, or rights, we will immediately restore these things to them; and if any disp... ...rn ing the restoration of his sisters and hostages, and his liber ties and rights, according to the form in which we act to our other Barons of Engl... ...ree, and that the men in our kingdom have and hold the aforesaid liberties, rights, and concessions, well and in peace, freely and quietly, fully and...

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...ass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa or total nonviolence—which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi is commonly known around the world as Mahatma Gandhi and in India also as Bapu. He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemora...

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... who wills his highly coveted midwest farmland to the establishment of a college (Act I.) Forty years later, when his granddaughter stands up for the rights of Hindu nationals to protest at the college her grandfather founded, she jeopardizes funding for the college itself and sets herself against her own uncle, president of the institution's trustees (Acts II & III.) Ulti...

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...as a political radical and a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law. He is best known as an early advocate of utilitarianism and animal rights who influenced the development of liberalism. The essay Offences Against One's Self (c. 1785), argued for the liberalisation of laws prohibiting homosexuality. The essay remained unpublished during Bentham's lifetime f...

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...Standard of Living Chapter 13: Capitalism or Democracy? Chapter 14: Too Many Regulations Are Bad Chapter 15: GDP and Poverty Chapter 16: Property Rights, Stock Markets, Economy of Scale Chapter 17: Is Taxation Theft? Chapter 18: Free Trade Chapter 19: Cooperative Socialism Failed Chapter 20: Employment Chapter 21: Why Developed Economies Are Slowing Chapter 22: I...

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...d equal, that they are endowed by their Cre ator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. T... ...hese are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers fr... ...e Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolu t...

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...to the principles of liberty. An over-scrupulous jealousy of danger to the rights of the people, which is more commonly the fault of the head than of ... ...ngerous ambition more often lurks behind the specious mask of zeal for the rights of the people than under the forbidden appearance of zeal for the fi... ...however it is instituted, the people must cede to it some of their natural rights in order to vest it with requisite powers. It is well worthy of cons... ...n one people each individual citizen everywhere enjoying the same national rights, privi- leges, and protection. As a nation we have made peace and wa... ...at they have heretofore had serious and animated discussion concerning the rights to the lands which were ungranted at the time of the Revolu- tion, a... ...ed have claimed them as their property, the others have contended that the rights of the crown in this article devolved upon the Union; especially as ... ...onfederacy might have been exposed, had this State attempted to assert its rights by force. T wo motives preponderated in that opposition: one, a jeal... ...ws in violation of private contracts, as they amount to aggressions on the rights of those States whose citizens are injured by them, may be considere... ...to institutions which have a tendency to destroy their civil and political rights. T o be more safe, they at length become willing to run the risk of ...

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...ecessary to assure himself that in benefiting them he is not violating the rights—that is, the legitimate and authorized expectations—of any one else.... ... ing with them, from possessing an ultimate standard to which conflicting rights and duties can be referred. If utility is the ultimate source of mor... ...sense, namely, that it is just to respect, un just to violate, the legal rights of any one. But this judgment admits of several exceptions, arising... ...son who suffers the deprivation may (as the phrase is) have forfeited the rights which he is so deprived of: a case to which we shall return presentl... ...: a case to which we shall return presently. But also, Secondly; the legal rights of which he is deprived, may be rights which ought not to have belo... ...o have belonged to him; in other words, the law which confers on him these rights, may be a bad law. When it is so, or when (which is the same thing f... ...erence to another as a friend, connexion, or companion. Impartiality where rights are concerned is of course obliga tory, but this is involved in the... ...ediency requires inequality. The justice of giving equal protection to the rights of all, is maintained by those who support the most outrageous inequ... ..., is maintained by those who support the most outrageous inequality in the rights themselves. Even in slave countries it is theoretically admitted tha...

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...titu tion of public and organised means of asserting and protecting these rights, instead of the irregular and law less conflict of physical strengt... ...es it strange to ordinary ears, to hear it asserted that the inequality of rights between men and women has no other source than the law of the strong... ...ommonwealth, it was in the free states that slaves were first felt to have rights as hu man beings. The Stoics were, I believe, the first (except so ... ...d States, periodical conventions and an organised party to agitate for the Rights of Women, there is a numerous and active society organised and manag... ..., afford not only no presumption in favour of this system of inequality of rights, but a strong one against it; and that, so far as the whole course o... ..., afford not only no presumption in favour of this system of inequality of rights, but a strong one against it; and that, so far as the whole course o... ...ion; and that any regulation of them by author ity, except to protect the rights of others, is sure to be mischievous. This conclusion slowly arrived... ...d that civilisation and Chris tianity have restored to the woman her just rights. Meanwhile the wife is the actual bond servant of her husband: no le... ...ense majority of cases there is no settle ment: and the absorption of all rights, all property, as well as all freedom of action, is complete. The tw...

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...taining a recognition of certain immu nities, called political liberties or rights, which it was to be regarded as a breach of duty in the ruler to i... ... to differ. It is accordingly on this battle field, almost solely , that the rights of the individual against society have been asserted on broad grou... ...are consentaneous to his own feelings and character (where affection, or the rights of others are not concerned), it is so much done towards renderin... ...but by cultivating it and calling it forth, within the limits imposed by the rights and interests of others, that human beings become a noble and beau... ... to prevent the stronger specimens of human nature from encroach ing on the rights of others, cannot be dispensed with; but for this there is ample c... ...aces, have their hopes and fears directed to the same objects, have the same rights and liberties, and the same means of asserting them. Great as are ... ... So far from setting any value on individuality so far from re- specting the rights of each individual to act, in things indifferent, as seems good to... ...ess legal provi sion or by tacit understanding, ought to be consid ered as rights; and secondly, in each person’s bear ing his share (to be fixed o... ...ir wel fare, without going the length of violating any of their constituted rights. The offender may then be justly punished by opinion, though not b...

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...attachment to the principles of lib- erty, democracy and respect for human rights and fun- damental freedoms and of the rule of law, DESIRING to deepe... ...ght in time lead to a common defence;- to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of the nationals of its Member States through the intr... ...ded on the principles of democracy. 2. The Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guar- anteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Hu... ...ts, as guar- anteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 and as th... ... shall be a citizen of the Union. 2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights conferred by this Treaty and shall be subject to the duties im- pose... ...uncil may adopt provisions with a view to facilitating the exercise of the rights referred to in para- graph 1; save as otherwise provided in this Tre... ...e European Parliament, may adopt provisions to strengthen or to add to the rights laid down in this Part, which it shall recommend to the Member State... ... The exclu- sion of such a Member State and its national central bank from rights and obligations within the ESCB is laid down in Chapter IX of the St... ...es” shall be read as “Mem- ber States without a derogation”. 5. The voting rights of Member States with a deroga- tion shall be suspended for the Coun...

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... may often be fit, like Roman freedmen, to be admitted at once to the full rights of citizenship. This, however, is not the normal condi tion of slav... ... which can be laid down respecting hu man affairs. The first is, that the rights and interests of every or any person are only secure from being disr... ...m. The former proposition—that each is the only safe guard ian of his own rights and interests—is one of those elemen tary maxims of prudence which ... ...mper the arbitrary power of the executive, yet keep up the idea of popular rights, and conduce greatly to the real liberty of the press which exists i... ...ling most tenaciously to the exclusive class interest; and the elec toral rights of the minority, while useless for the purposes for which votes are ... ... willingness to be chosen. This would so far give reality to the electoral rights of the otherwise virtually disfranchised minority. But it is importa... ...as 107 J S Mill sification. The notion that Yorkshire and Middlesex have rights apart from those of their inhabitants, or that Liverpool and Exeter ... ...s of the community for actual subsistence, he abdicates his claim to equal rights with them in other respects. Those to whom he is indebted for the co... ...difference of sex. I consider it to be as entirely irrelevant to political rights as difference in height or in the color of the hair. All human being...

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...aration. Remember, we consider them to be human beings, entitled to human rights. Nor can it be doubted that the mere fact of belonging to a Union in...

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...eginning, this cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on the conditions of bourgeois produc tion; by m...

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...he principal article of his political creed, not on the ground of liberty, Rights of Man, or any of the phrases, more or less significant, by which, u... ... several of whom I was acquainted. The paper in question is the one on the rights and duties of the State respecting Cor poration and Church Property... ...er in the Jurist, which I still think a very complete discus sion of the rights of the State over Foundations, showed both sides of my opinions, ass... ...ountry. During the early part of the present cen tury the doctrine of the rights of individuality, and the claim of the moral nature to develop itsel...

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...smoke, Nor victims sink beneath the sacred stroke! But to your Isis all my rights transfer, Let altars blaze and temples smoke for her; For her, throu... ...antheisticon,’ was a spy, in pay to Lord Oxford. Tindal was author of the ‘Rights of the Christian Church,’ and ‘Christianity as Old as the Creation.’...