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Cyclopedia of issues in economics analyzed through the prism of the economies of countries in transition, emerging markets, and developing countries.

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...hor A Abortion I. The Right to Life It is a fundamental principle of most moral theories that all human beings have a right to life. The existen... ...s are all such cases. This could be argued against by saying that, in the case of economic hardship, f or instance, the damage to the mother's fut... ... Problem In the catechism of capitalism, shares represent the part- ownership of an economic enterprise, usually a firm. The value of shares is dete... ...n of the "Principal-Agent Problem". It is defined thus by the Oxford Dictionary of Economics: "The problem of how a person A can motivate person B ... ...erwise - in "optimal contracting theory" - just serves to demonstrate how divorced economics is from human psychology and, thus, from reality. Man... ...spending precisely because it is inefficient and distorts the proper allocation of economic resources. The vast majority of people are rent-seekers... ... the surface." Aldous Leonard Huxley (1894-1963), British writer I. Overview of Theories of Anarchism Politics, in all its forms, has failed. Th... ...o the right. Anarchism is an umbrella term covering disparate social and political theories - among them classic or cooperative anarchism (postulat... ...fellow humans (the only ones possessed of moral significance). These are called the theories of indirect moral obligations. Thus, it is wrong to tor...

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...ur theoretical exercise says a lot about the vigorousness and applicability of our theories – and a lot about the real world out there. The owner's... ...e right to privacy, for instance) - but not the right to own property and to derive economic benefits from such ownership. On the contrary, it is... ...ws from a few vantage points: philosophy, artificial intelligence and some systems theories. An immediate question springs to mind: HOW will a rob... ...tempts, such as the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) produced by the World Economic Forum (WEF), no one knows how to define and quantify el... ...st, Daniel Esty of Yale, the leader of an environmental project sponsored by World Economic Forum, exclaimed: "Why hasn't anyone done careful envir... ...belief in "peak oil" (that we are nearing the complete depletion and exhaustion of economically extractable oil reserves) and (2) That market mecha... ...ling middle class in developing and formerly poor countries. These are irreversible economic processes and only at their inception. Global warming ... ...re often cloaked as reasoning and ratiocination. We feel that certain discoveries, theories, and works of art are the outcomes of our toil and rati... ...Dreams are no different: when we are in them we obey this or that logic; construct theories about our environment, events, and actors; and assume o...

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...ons, the British North American colonies achieved self-government in 1848. But the economic situation was dire. The colonies, immersed as they were... ...g narcissism. But what there is has not demonstrated any ethnic, social, cultural, economic, genetic, or professional predilection to NPD. It is ... .../www.newadvent.org/cathen/10752c.htm http://www.roman-emperors.org/nero.htm New Economic Policy (NEP) Mikhail Gorbachev (1931- ) was not the f... ...NEP) Mikhail Gorbachev (1931- ) was not the first to introduce Perestroika - the economic liberalization of the communist system along capitalist... ... the party's loosening grip on power, Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP). Trade was liberalized, as were industrial... ...ity Disorder (NPD). The second part is an exposition of the various psychodynamic theories regarding pathological narcissism and a proposed new vo...

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...nd technology. Humanity marched proud- ly forward, believing that progress and economic growth would satisfy us and make us happier. Alas, today we a... ...cated by esca- lating suicide rates, violence, terror, eco-tragedies, social, economic, and political instability. We are at a crossroads. We are beg... ...s where only the fittest survive. This led researchers to cul- tivate various theories explaining the direct or indirect motives of animals to act a... ...ward to greater egoistic evolution. Hence, Jews led the cultural, scientific, economic, and technological revolu- tions. These would accelerate the r... ... in Science magazine. The research was headed by 2002 Nobel Prize laureate in economics, Dan- iel Kahneman. 12 Baal HaSulam, Talmud Eser Sefirot (Th... ...t the expense of the creature’s own ability to survive and mul- tiply. Several theories have been constructed to explain why animals behave in this m...

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... we have known about the mutual relation oj persons has been relegated in theories of knowledge tc a position subordinate to the contemplation of th... ...hesis of the ultimate reality of personal relations in its application to theories of the State, of marriage, of family life, and of economics. xi ... ...application to theories of the State, of marriage, of family life, and of economics. xi But the pioneer work of Buber will in any event remain. a... ...cessity sunk in the world of It 1 Can the two com­ partments of this life, economics and State, with their present extent' and completeness of struct... ... using I that rules here. the I that makes use of assets and work done in economics, and strivings and opinions in politics, must we not thank this ... ...nd in this moment, as you speak, you can hear as I. do that the levers of economics are beginning to sound in an unusual way; the masters smile at y... ... long, that is to say, as it permits them. Their speakers teach you that economics is entering on the State's inheritance, but you know tha.t there...

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...Anyhow, we let them haul their precious money with them. God knows, we were in dire economic straits ourselves, but we let them get away with their ... ...t, Frankenberg.” “Yes, Herr Reichsfuehrer. Arlosoroff told me that he had studied Economics in Berlin University and that his sister, Lisa, still ... ...lacable enemy: Bolshevism. Regrettably, the ideologues took over with their insane theories about a master-race lording it over slaves in colonies....

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...g the last twenty years. But most of these books are more concerned with theories on the origin and development of religion than with what, in my h... ...an with what, in my humble opinion, should be the foundation of all such theories-a sct'entijic classijicatio1l of religious phenomena. Is it too p... ...like. May not this be a useful warning that these terms refer only to the theories and not to the facts of religion? On the other hand, the student ... ...or the Antiquarian-the student of ancient law, customs, manners, art, and economic life. For there is hardly any phase of human life that is not in ...

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...omething mysterious or mystical. You know that you are happy and you have theories about things. This is the knowledge we are talking about. You intr... ...ash! You can indulge in such absolute nonsense and build up philosophical theories but there is no subject there at all, at any time. So not only ... ...d it is true that we have discovered quite a few of nature's laws and the theories are constantly changing. Thought is not the instrument for achiev... ...beings and nothing more. It is something like saying that in the field of economics you are not controlled by the laws of supply and demand. But we a... ... to call it a traumatic experience and build up a tremendous structure of theories around it is something I am not concerned with. It cannot be a tr...

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...ost important ideal is to just reach psychological, physical, spiritual or economic wellbeing, this project is not for you. But if your most pressin... ... fruit of hypotheses and of research that confirms these hypotheses, or of theories built upon constant observations. 67 We must use this same app... ... fruit of hypotheses and of research that confirms these hypotheses, or of theories built upon constant observations. What does this mean? When E... ...s, of research to confirm hypotheses or of constant observations on which theories are developed. The first scientist who worked in this manner ... ...finite patience; he observed and observed and he then started building his theories on what he had observed. Many of his theories were very important... ...ll as correct or convincing. Often when scientists must choose between two theories, they will choose the one that contains beauty, and leave out th...

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...k me through the entire process one step at a time. Some people said the economic times were not right, with sugar and flour being priced at an all... ...books and gave lectures and THE POWER IN YOU 106 workshops, sharing his theories with people around the world. He did all of this after reversing ... ...ng Famous Amos. I entered the world, July 1, 1936, the only child of an economically poor family, at the height of racial segregation, in a small ...

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...ledge of earlier books that dealt with this topic. Such writers fabricate theories of their own empty shells, and relate their words to the most exa... ...sions based on theory, but even prohibited us from being assisted by such theories, even by way of negotiations. 6 2 K a b b a l ... ...nment. Thus, He has given but we have not received. After all, we have no economic independence, and there is no political independence without econ... ...esides Him.” It is clear to the members of Bnei Baruch that the political, economic, and global situation depends solely upon teaching this simple me...

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Critical analysis of the foundations and tenets of capitalism and of the dismal science - economics.

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...ve – Click HERE! ISBN: 9989-929-37-8 http://samvak.tripod.com/guide.html http://economics.cjb.net http://samvak.tripod.com/after.html Create... ...ml Created by: LIDIJA RANGELOVSKA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA C O N T E N T S I. Economics - Psychology's Neglected Branch II. The Misconception ... ... Market XIII. The Myth of the Earnings Yield XIV. Immortality and Mortality in the Economic Sciences XV. The Agent-Principal Conundrum XVI. The ... ...Green-Eyed Capitalist XVII. The Case of the Compressed Image XVIII. The Fabric of Economic Trust XIX. Scavenger Economies, Predator Economies XX... ...c of Economic Trust XIX. Scavenger Economies, Predator Economies XX. Notes on the Economics of Game Theory XXI. Knowledge and Power XXII. Market... ...its that people do not behave in accordance with the predictions of basic economic theories, such as the standard theory of utility and the theory ... ...lain, seeking to perpetuate and increase its power ruthlessly, as per public choice theories. Both views are caricatures of reality. Governments in... ...hould be amenable to scientific treatment. "Prospect theory", "bounded rationality theories", and the study of "hindsight bias" as well as other co... ...id rigid reactions to attacks from within and from without. Many current economic theories do not meet these cumulative criteria and are, thus, me...

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...An introduction to moral, political and economic philosophy. Twelve philosophers in each category are featured, their basic theories are examined and provide the basis for discussion....

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...tractors 165 Chapter 19 Burke and Hegel: Conservatism and Absolute Idealism 174 Chapter 20 Marx and Mussolini: Communism and Fascism 183 PART 4 Economic Theory: An Introduction Chapter 21 Introduction to Ecomomic Theory 195 Chapter 22 Smith and Ricardo: Laisez Faire and Free Trade 202 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Epilogue Bibliography Index ...

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...Modern labour theories and practice. Covers issues like employment, unemployment, migration, brain drain, entrepreneurship, workaholism, and trade unions....

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...to the Minister of Labour and Social Policy By: Dr. Sam Vaknin Formerly Economic Advisor to the Government of the Republic of Macedonia Skopje... ...set wages. Wages and unemployment benefits are perceived as complementary economic stabilizers (contra the business cycle). Another possibility ... ...ll – as is the case in Belgium (though only for up to 2 months). It makes economic sense, because their activities replace social outlays. In Bri... ...er harassment. 8. The government will identify priority future leading economic sectors and act to support them. The education and higher educati... ... will be re-directed and encouraged to produce the skills needed by these economic sectors. In Macedonia, these sectors include: designer textiles, ... ...heory, at least, have the same right. This, according to current economic theories, can be achieved only through effective competition. Competition ... ...hat are the long term, structural causes for unemployment? There are more theories than there are unemployed people. Some say that free trade encour...

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...odern philosophy: The philosophy of science and religion, the cognitive sciences, cultural studies, aesthetics, art and literature, the philosophy of economics, the philosophy of psychology, and ethics....

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...hor A Abortion I. The Right to Life It is a fundamental principle of most moral theories that all human beings have a right to life. The existen... ...s are all such cases. This could be argued against by saying that, in the case of economic hardship, f or instance, the damage to the mother's fut... ... Problem In the catechism of capitalism, shares represent the part- ownership of an economic enterprise, usually a firm. The value of shares is dete... ...n of the "Principal-Agent Problem". It is defined thus by the Oxford Dictionary of Economics: "The problem of how a person A can motivate person B ... ...erwise - in "optimal contracting theory" - just serves to demonstrate how divorced economics is from human psychology and, thus, from reality. Man... ...spending precisely because it is inefficient and distorts the proper allocation of economic resources. The vast majority of people are rent-seekers... ... the surface." Aldous Leonard Huxley (1894-1963), British writer I. Overview of Theories of Anarchism Politics, in all its forms, has failed. Th... ...o the right. Anarchism is an umbrella term covering disparate social and political theories - among them classic or cooperative anarchism (postulat... ...fellow humans (the only ones possessed of moral significance). These are called the theories of indirect moral obligations. Thus, it is wrong to tor...

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The securities industry, its markets, instruments (equity, debt, derivatives), trading strategies, underlying economic models, and future.

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...rivatizing with Golden Shares XI. The Future of the Accounting Profession XII. The Economics of Expectations XIII. Anarchy as an Organizing Princip... .... Anarchy as an Organizing Principle XIV. The Pricing of Options XV. The Fabric of Economic Trust XVI. The Distributive Justice of the Market XVII... ...c of Economic Trust XVI. The Distributive Justice of the Market XVII. Notes on the Economics of Game Theory XVIII. The Spectrum of Auctions XIX. D... ...ere to freely negotiate deals of stock purchases and sales. New information, macro-economic and micro-economic, determines the value of companies. ... ...ro-economic, determines the value of companies. Greenspan testifies in the Senate, economic figures are released - and the rumour mill starts worki... ...s has implications which are nothing short of revolutionary. Most of the financial theories we use to determine the value of shares were developed ... ...y was this oxymoron - the "earnings yield" - perpetuated? According to all current theories of finance, in the absence of dividends - shares are wo... ...on and re-investment - for present ones. The myth was born. Thus, financial market theories starkly contrast with market realities. No one buys sh... ...s little to do with its discounted future stream of dividends, as current financial theories teach us. But, if so, why the volatility in share price...

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...Our music, our culture, our science, and our economic welfare all depend on a delicate balance between those ideas that are controlled and those that are free, between intellectual property and the public domain. In The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind (...

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...Chapter 6. Colleagues in the business school—particularly Jim Anton, a great economic modeler and greater volleyball partner, and Wes Cohen, a leading... ... These questions may be hard, because the underlying moral and political and economic issues need to be thought through. They may be weird; alien scri... ...important to pause at this point and inquire how closely reality hews to the economic story of “nonexcludable” and “nonrival” public goods. It turns o... ...even if unauthorized copying is theoreti- cally cheaper. In other words, the economic model of pure public goods will track our reality well in some a... ...rs of term separately, the same way we buy warranties on our appliances, the economically rational ones would mainly settle for a fairly short period.... ...se ideas about fair use has much to recommend it, as do the many other grand theories that have been offered to explain the puzzle. And therein lies t... ...y-established hits. But if that is our conclusion, it merely proves that our theories of aesthetics are poorer than the creativity they seek to descri... ... poorer than the creativity they seek to describe. So much the worse for the theories. As Jefferson pointed out, the lines surrounding intellectual pr... ...ted on this point many times, rejecting both labor-based “sweat of the brow” theories of copyright and more expansive visions based on a natural right...

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...The purpose of this book is to postulate some theories and test them numerically. Estimation is often a difficult task and it has wide application in social sciences and financial market. In order to obtain the optimum efficiency for some classes of estimators, we have d...

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...of America 4 Forward The purpose of this book is to postulate some theories and test them numerically. Estimation is often a difficult t... ...rrogates. Such a situation is 45 encountered when one needs to measure the economic status or the level of education of individuals, see Salabh ... ...lorentin Smarandache ……..44 63 The purpose of this book is to postulate some theories and test them numerically. Estimation is often a difficult t...

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...nary money is always and everywhere created by governments. I also explain how and why governments do so. Finally I say a few things about conspiracy theories concerning the central banks, since the latter play a key role on what we call "inflationary money". This essay is written for non economists with an interest on the subject . Even though I have postgraduate studies ...

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...ER IN A SOCIETY 104 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF A SOCIETY 104 TYPE OF GOVERNMENT108 USING GOD’S LAWS FOR SOCIETY 112 SOCIAL CONCERNS—DO UNTO OTHERS 114 ECONOMIC CONCERNS WHEN ESTABLISHING YOUR IDEAL SOCIETY 115 ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY117 THE WELFARE STATE—CRADLE TO GRAVE BENEFITS 119 RETIREMENT PENSIONS 125 HEALTH CARE128 HEALTH CARE AND AGING POPULATIONS 130 WORKING AND RESTING...

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... able to read the works of the great, and not so great, intellectuals of our race. It now gives me cause to consider some of the psychological theori... ...izing that, let‘s see what I can do to help you. I‘ll have to warn you that I try to go back to the basics as much as I can. There are so many theori... ...re, like sex, our basic drive or are we driven to find higher meanings in life? Serious students of human nature have expressed each of these theori... ...ife? Serious students of human nature have expressed each of these theories. ―Perhaps by understanding some of the various psychological theori... ...But not as infinite as the possibilities expressed by the many religions of the world. ―Our cultures, religions, secular philosophies, econom... ...ponsible for themselves and the society? Italy‘s tight society and strong family security run counter to the competitiveness needed in global econom... ...ngs that need to be learned by rote—spelling, writing, the multiplication tables, and so forth. But video games can teach history, geography, econom... ...out how much I lost, so my financial loss may be converted into psychological winnings. Gambling is a no-lose psychological event and a no-win econom... ...ndle their own lifestyles which should be being directed towards a future—a future that is successful for them and that adds to the society‘s econom...