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...Taking an unusual approach to its topic, “Principles of Anarchism” applies classical logic and deductive reasoning to the subject of human interactions and rights. Beginning with the assumption that all human beings are equal, a concept which is termed the human equality axiom, the author goes on to draw a number of c...

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...Taking an unusual approach to its topic, “Principles of Anarchism” applies classical logic and deductive reasoning to the subject of human interactions and rights. Beginning with the assumption that all human beings are equal, a concept which is termed the human equality axiom, the author goes on to draw a number of c...

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... 1.21 Some properties of minimal solution for a FRE 123 1.22 FRE and causal reasoning 126 1.23 Identification of FRE by fuzzy neural networks 13... ...ese generalizations concepts 29 from some applications such as approximate reasoning and fuzzy control. Given a particular t-norm i and two fuz... ...used ways of constructing fuzzy inference systems is the method of approximate reasoning which can be implemented on the basis of compositional rul... ...al rule of inference. Different criteria have been proposed for the approximate reasoning to satisfy relevant conditions. The most useful is that of... ...ral inference system that implements the relational equation of the approximate reasoning and secondly a general neural fuzzy system of arbitrary le... ...which are absent, i.e. all manifestations which are present are observed. While deductive reasoning enables us to predict the presence of manifestat...

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... found the system more claustrophobic than anything and a hindrance to her deductive reasoning. Kelly dashed across the big street on Eastern Parkway,... ... system more claustrophobic than anything and a hindrance to her deductive reasoning. Kelly dashed across the big street on Eastern Parkway, missed be...

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...ike Carl Hempel and Ernest Nagel regard a theory as scientific if it is hypothetico-deductive. To them, scientific theories are sets of inter-relate... ...r-related because a minimum number of axioms and hypotheses yield, in an inexorable deductive sequence, everything else known in the field the theor... ...ith breadth, width, and profundity, such as Darwin's theory of evolution - are not deductively integrated and are very difficult to test (falsify) ... ... scientific activity. Alleged connections that cannot be captured in these nets of reasoning are cast out either as "hypothetical" or as "false". I... ...erse is partial to life, not indifferent to it. All four are forms of teleological reasoning (that nature has a purpose) masquerading as eutaxiolog... ...ical accounts are possible. What happens when we try to apply the same teleological reasoning to the system as a whole, to the Universe itself? In t... ...h as the electron or dark matter) derive their meaning from their place in complex deductive systems of empirically-testable theorems. Ethicists re... ... have been the first to offer this simplistic formulation of the Logical (a-priori, deductive) Problem of Evil, later expounded on by David Hume in ...

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... impulses without any remarkable disorder or defect of the intellect or knowing or reasoning faculties and in particular without any insane delusio... ...ike Carl Hempel and Ernest Nagel regard a theory as scientific if it is hypothetico-deductive. To them, scientific theories are sets of inter-relate... ...r-related because a minimum number of axioms and hypotheses yield, in an inexorable deductive sequence, everything else known in the field the theor... ...ith breadth, width, and profundity, such as Darwin's theory of evolution - are not deductively integrated and are very difficult to test (falsify) ... ...usally. Psychoanalysis is about Verstehen, not about Erklaren. It is a hypothetico-deductive method for gleaning events in a person's life and gene...

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... 1.21 Some properties of minimal solution for a FRE 123 1.22 FRE and causal reasoning 126 1.23 Identification of FRE by fuzzy neural networks 13... ...ese generalizations concepts 29 from some applications such as approximate reasoning and fuzzy control. Given a particular t-norm i and two fuz... ...used ways of constructing fuzzy inference systems is the method of approximate reasoning which can be implemented on the basis of compositional rul... ...al rule of inference. Different criteria have been proposed for the approximate reasoning to satisfy relevant conditions. The most useful is that of... ...ral inference system that implements the relational equation of the approximate reasoning and secondly a general neural fuzzy system of arbitrary le... ...which are absent, i.e. all manifestations which are present are observed. While deductive reasoning enables us to predict the presence of manifestat...

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...ur seas of fish? Or has God made us in His image and expects us to use our reasoning to do something about the mess that we have created for oursel... ...Wreck, you’re right about that. I’m going to have to watch my inductive and deductive reasoning and not let them get in the way of my passion. So wha... ...’re right about that. I’m going to have to watch my inductive and deductive reasoning and not let them get in the way of my passion. So what if a per...

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......................................................... 207 THE PROCESS OF REASONING .................................................................... ... ―But for those of us who have overcome our traditions through our reasoning and therefore had to eliminate our hopes for celestial longevity... ...ven‘t cited the sources or the methodology of their research, much of the reasoning seems to revolve around the former required atheism of the USSR, ... ... certain loss of personal freedom. So far our citizens have accepted that reasoning and accept a large degree of totalitarian control. You cringe, C... ...ttered ability to question everything. When your society prevents you from reasoning it is the Grim Reaper burying progress. When you stop questionin... ...cessary, definitions. That is inductive logic. Then we argue according to deductive logic. There are a number of rules for this. What if we wa... ... a more critical view of the evidence and the proper use of inductive and deductive logic we might come a bit closer together. And probably the basic...

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...verse 5 Everyone knows this is not true. By using logical deduction and reasoning, the infinite variations and permutations of differences and... ...g instead of everything. Because of this, its entire accumulation of logical deductive reasoning is suspect. The very fact that the abstract logic ... ...of everything. Because of this, its entire accumulation of logical deductive reasoning is suspect. The very fact that the abstract logic of mathem... ...abysmal lack of writing, and evidence from which modern historians base their reasoning upon. Always seeking the easiest, most convenient explanatio... ...tify your enemy: you can’t fight it. This is the complete hoax of western reasoning and research. If after spending over 1 trillion dollars sea... ...igion, and also the Son of God?… What wonder is it; that this kind of corrupt reasoning is so addictive? Only… you have to very stupid, or very bra...

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...neutrosophic statistics. This representation is closer to the human mind reasoning. It characterizes/catches the imprecision of knowledge or ... ...egy, classifier system, genetic programming. Pei Wang devised a Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System as an intelligent reasoning system, where intelligen... ...be employed as well to determine a best algorithm of inference. Non-monotonic reasoning means to make assumptions about things we don’t know. Heuri... ...itas Press, New York, 1961. [45] Zadeh, Lotfi A., Fuzzy Logic and Approximate Reasoning, Synthese, 30, 407-428, 1975. [46] Zadeh, Lotfi A., Revi... ...arandache’slogic as foundations for a new general unifying theory for uncertain reasoning is becoming both a new philosophical and mathematical resear... ...s eds., Hafner, pp. 131 153, 1970). [5] Bianaghi E., Madella P .,“Inductive and Deductive Reasoning techniques for Fuzzy Dempster Shafer Classifiers”, ...

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...re, guess, hypothesis and (in elaborate cases) theory. 2. The idea is subjected to reasoning, defined as The process of developing … the implicatio... ...any idea with respect to any problem … As an idea is inferred from given facts, so reasoning sets out from an idea. 13 The state of the observe... ...ideas initially inferred are very tentative, wild conjectures, remote suggestions; reasoning is required to shape ideas into beliefs and conclusions... ...nd draws a conclusion by corroborating, or verifying the conjectured idea. The reasoning process is a two-way movement from partial, fragmentary ... ...discovery or inference of principles based on observed facts. The upward paths are deductive movements in search of verification of those principles... ...eference to the observations. A simple illustration of the process is seen in the reasoning of a pipe smoker who is contemplating the idea to cut o... ...sophers prefer inductive reasoning while physicists and mathematicians lean toward deductive methods. Medical practitioners use diagnosis and attor...

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... injustice in the distribution of wealth or love – we become angry because of moral reasoning, whether the injustice was deliberate or not. We retal... ... as a result of our ability to morally reason and to get even. Sometimes even moral reasoning is lacking, as in when we simply wish to alleviate a d... ...se to have authored it. It must have been an entity capable of thinking, analysing, reasoning, theorizing and predicting in the deepest senses of th... ...ped into three moral levels... At the third level, that of postconventional moral reasoning, the adult bases his moral standards on principles tha... ... available to reason and intellect. Sometimes, the boundary between intuition and deductive reasoning is blurred as they both yield the same resul... ...ike Carl Hempel and Ernest Nagel regard a theory as scientific if it is hypothetico-deductive. To them, scientific theories are sets of inter-relate... ...r-related because a minimum number of axioms and hypotheses yield, in an inexorable deductive sequence, everything else known in the field the theor... ...ith breadth, width, and profundity, such as Darwin's theory of evolution - are not deductively integrated and are very difficult to test (falsify) ... ...ike Carl Hempel and Ernest Nagel regard a theory as scientific if it is hypothetico-deductive. To them, scientific theories are sets of inter-relate...

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... injustice in the distribution of wealth or love – we become angry because of moral reasoning, whether the injustice was deliberate or not. We retal... ... as a result of our ability to morally reason and to get even. Sometimes even moral reasoning is lacking, as in when we simply wish to alleviate a d... ...se to have authored it. It must have been an entity capable of thinking, analysing, reasoning, theorizing and predicting in the deepest senses of th... ...ped into three moral levels... At the third level, that of postconventional moral reasoning, the adult bases his moral standards on principles tha... ... available to reason and intellect. Sometimes, the boundary between intuition and deductive reasoning is blurred as they both yield the same resul... ...ike Carl Hempel and Ernest Nagel regard a theory as scientific if it is hypothetico-deductive. To them, scientific theories are sets of inter-relate... ...r-related because a minimum number of axioms and hypotheses yield, in an inexorable deductive sequence, everything else known in the field the theor... ...ith breadth, width, and profundity, such as Darwin's theory of evolution - are not deductively integrated and are very difficult to test (falsify) ... ...ike Carl Hempel and Ernest Nagel regard a theory as scientific if it is hypothetico-deductive. To them, scientific theories are sets of inter-relate...

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...o be lit up like a sign on the Las V egas strip, you would not have enough deductive reason- ing skill to think that these might be the correct direc-... ...however, isn’t without faults, according to his wife. Richard uses logical reasoning and Vera relies on mood and feeling when dealing with cer- tain s...

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...Oh, tempora! Oh, Moses!” Why, the fel- low is all O! That accounts for his reasoning in a circle, and explains why there is neither beginning nor end ... ...e. This person introduced, or at all events propagated what was termed the deductive or a priori mode of investigation. He started with what he mainta... ...qually bizarre. Of late years however, an anonymous writer, by a course of reasoning exceedingly unphilosophical, has con- trived to blunder upon a pl... ...emselves. It was not, and could not have been, arrived at by any inductive reasoning. In whatever way the shifting is managed, it is of course conceal...