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As if it wanted to be in accordance with the paradoxism and even to confirm it, the way the mathematician writer Florentin Smarandache is received is ... paradoxical. Tens of books, studies and articles have already been written about both, scientist and smarandachism - the name given to the movement by Ion Rotaru and Titu Popescu. However the paradoxist number 1 in the world is less known in his native country. At the same time some researchers ( Jacques Sarthou, Dan Tarchila, Doru Motoc and even... Ion Rotaru) declared him a man of genius (or close by!), while others ignored him or they haven’t yet heard about him. Without being disturbed by any of the two contradictory tendencies, the Oltenian- Romanian settled in New Mexico creates further on important works in the two large fieldsliteratures and mathematics (but also in other art and scientific fields)....

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It was known to me his setting up in 1980’s of a new literary and artistic avant-garde movement that he called “paradoxism”, because I received some books and papers dealing with it in order to review them for the German journal “Zentralblatt fár Mathematik”. It was an inspired connection he made between literature/arts and science, philosophy....

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Paradoxism is an avant-garde movement in literature, art, philosophy, science, based on excessive used of antitheses, antinomies, contradictions, parables, odds, paradoxes in creations....

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The Theory Of Interpretive Relativity: A Unified Map Of Literary Theory is a comprehensive study organizing and mapping all literary interpretive theory, from classical philosophy to postmodern theory, into one formulaic model. Interpretive Relativity uses, for its method of organizational strategy, the philosophy of relativism to explain how all theoretical interpretation compliment one another rather than contradict one another. This thesis uses extensive graphs and illustrations to aid in the visualization of how mapping theoretical interpretations is possible. The piece of literature, work of art, that is used through out the study is Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In other words, this thesis show how the philosophy of Einstein’s general theory of relativity could be applied to Hamlet....

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“The long concatenations of simple and easy reasoning which geometricians use in achieving their most difficult demonstrations gave me occasion to imagine that all matters which may enter the human mind were interrelated in the same fashion.” -- René Descartes ...

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I. INTRODUCTION: MATHEMATICAL CONSTRUCT STRATEGIES FOR GRAPHING LITERARY INTERPRETATION THEORIES INTO A VISUAL FIGURE, DEFINING TERMS 1 II. MAPPING LITERARY THEORY: DEFINING THE BODY OF LITERATURE, Ln, AND MESSAGE, EMBODIED IN ART, Ln 10 III. FORMING THE X AXIS: SETTING VALUES FOR X AS SIGN, SIGNIFICATION, AND SIGNAL (X1, X2, X3) 18 X1: Sign, Encoding Meaning 21 X2: Signification: The Three Aspects to the Value X2, Concept in a Medium, X21, X22, X23 23 X3: Signal, Decoding Meaning Plotting the 2s OF B’s X31, X32, X33 30 IV. FORMING THE Y AXIS: THE AUDIENCE’S INFINITE MULTIFARIOUS “REALIZATION” 36 The Search for 1: The Messenger and the Author 38 Y 1: The Author’s text 45 Y 2: The Text 50 Y 3: The World 54 Y 4: The Reader 57 V. FORMING THE Z AXIS: VALUES FOR Z, APPLIED RHETORICAL IDEOLOGY 65 Z 1: Marxist Literary Criticism 67 Z 2: Deconstruction Criticism 71 Z 3: Multicultural Literary Criticism 77 Z 4: Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism 80 Z 5: Liberation Literary Criticism 84 VI. CONCLUSION 87...

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As someone who works heavily in both math and computers, I can truly appreciate the role that logic plays in our modern world. One cannot understand the foundations of mathematics while lacking knowledge of the basics of logic and how proofs are constructed. Two of the first classes I took as a graduate student in mathematics were in the foundations of mathematics, and hardly a day goes by where I do not use some topic from those courses. Logic is also a fundamental component of advanced computer classes. I am currently teaching advanced courses in assembly language programming and computer organization. Reference is constantly being made to how the rules of logic are incorporated into the fundamental circuits of a computer. The logic used in these classes is known as classical or Boolean logic. Neutrosophic logic is an extension of classical logic, but as you will see in the book, there are two intermediate steps between them. Neutrosophic logic is yet another idea generated by Florentin Smarandache, who seems to be a perpetual idea machine. Like classical logic, it can be used in many ways, everywhere from statistics to quantum me...

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Excerpt: Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill.

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Contents PREFACE........................................................................................................4 ESSAY I: Of the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the Distribution of the Gains of Commerce among the Countries of the Commercial World ........................................................................................................5 ESSAY II: Of the Influence of Consumption on Production ......................39 ESSAY III: On the Words Productive and Unproductive ............................60 ESSAY IV: On Profits, and Interest .............................................................71 ESSAY V: On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It...........................................................................93...

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Excerpt: Reprinted from Fraser?s Magazine. The cloud which for the space of a month hung gloomily over the civilized world, black with far worse evils than those of simple war, has passed from over our heads without bursting. The fear has not been realized, that the only two first-rate Powers who are also free nations would take to tearing each other in pieces, both the one and the other in a bad and odious cause. For while, on the American side, the war would have been one of reckless persistency in wrong, on ours it would have been a war in alliance with, and, to practical purposes, in defence and propagation of, slavery. We had, indeed, been wronged....

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The Monadology ( La Monadologie , 1714) is one of Gottfried Leibniz’s best known works representing his later philosophy. It is a short text which sketches in some 90 paragraphs a metaphysics of simple substances, or monads. What he proposed can be seen as a modification of occasionalism developed by latter-day Cartesians. Leibniz surmised that there are indefinitely many substances individually 'programmed' to act in a predetermined way, each program being coordinated with all the others. This is the pre-established harmony which solved the mind body problem at the cost of declaring any interaction between substances a mere appearance, something which Leibniz accepted. Indeed it was space itself which became an appearance as in his system there was no need for distinguishing inside from outside. True substances were explained as metaphysical points which, Leibniz asserted, are both real and exact — mathematical points being exact but not real and physical ones being real but not exact. (Summary from Wikipedia)...

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Philosophy, Science

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After several years working on a treatise putting forth his mechanistic philosophy and physics, Descartes shelved the project when his contemporary, Galileo, was charged with heresy. That work, The World, was only published after Descartes’ death. It seems that Descartes must have had this, in part at least, in mind when writing his more famous philosophical works. This is especially clear in the Meditations , not only in the obsequiousness of the Letter of Dedication, but also in the specific mode of argument, which does not seek merely to found science upon grounds acceptable to religious authority, but to specifically found a mathematical science; one which clearly privileges mathematical demonstrations even over common sense judgments based upon everyday and constant experience. His Copernicanism, put forth posthumously in The World, would require just such a defense. The Meditations are a central work of early modern philosophy, and play a crucial role in the conceptual development of basic perspectives and problems in the Western tradition, including substance dualism, external world skepticism, and the modern notion of the su...

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Philosophy

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A collection of short nonfiction works in the public domain. The selections included in this collection were independently chosen by the readers, and the topics encompass history, travel, embroidery, science, mathematics, humor, philosophy, poliltics, and nature. (summary by J. M. Smallheer)...

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Essay/Short nonfiction

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Excerpt: Great George Street, Westminster, is the address of Doyle and Broadbent, civil engineers. On the threshold one reads that the firm consists of Mr. Lawrence Doyle and Mr. Thomas Broadbent, and that their rooms are on the first floor. Most of their rooms are private; for the partners, being bachelors and bosom friends, live there; and the door marked Private, next the clerks? office, is their domestic sitting room as well as their reception room for clients. Let me describe it briefly from the point of view of a sparrow on the window sill. The outer door is in the opposite wall, close to the right hand corner. Between this door and the left hand corner is a hatstand and a table consisting of large drawing boards on trestles, with plans, rolls of tracing paper, mathematical instruments and other draughtsman?s accessories on it. In the left hand wall is the fireplace, and the door of an inner room between the fireplace and our observant sparrow. Against the right hand wall is a filing cabinet, with a cupboard on it, and, nearer, a tall office desk and stool for one person. In the middle of the room a large double writing table ...

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This book, published in two volumes called books by the author, is a treatment of everything from the origin of our ideas to how they are to be divided. It includes important statements of Scepticism and Hume's experimental method. Part 1 deals with the nature of ideas. Part 2 deals with the ideas of space and time. Part 3 deals with knowledge and probability. Part 4 deals with skeptical and other systems of philosophy, including a discussion of the soul and personal identity. This is a recording of Volume I (or Book 1). Volume II (which contains Books 2 and 3) is in production at the moment....

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Philosophy

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These ideas were either collected or inspired from author's various lectures of books, journals, newspapers, tv and radio shows, personal conversations. I started to write down such ideas since I was a high school student and continue even today - I always bear with me a small pen and small notebook where I write in the plane, or driving my car, or even in class room. Despite three decades of postponement, I hope this booklet will keep on inspiring the reader, as good ideas will always be worth to ponder....

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• Be competitive; • Don’t be panic, when under pressure; • Use probabilities (how much % you’re expected to produce); • Infiltrate in certain organizations; • To have power of influence; • Charm those who interact with you; • Be firm and fast in decisions; • To make a plan for a long period of time and subdivide it in smaller sub-plans for short periods of time...

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PREFACE ........................................ 3 CONTENTS......................................... 5 LIFE STRATEGIES 1. Best Tips for Life ...................................................... 6 2. Life Strategies in General Science..........................8 3. Life Strategies in Mathematics..............................11 4. Life Strategies in Medical Science .......................23 5. Life Strategies in Workplace & Social Life........28 6. Life Strategies in Personal Life .............................34 7. Life Strategies in General Arts .............................41 Appendix: Miscellaneous App.1. FS........................................ 54 App.2.American writing..............................................55 App3.The International Phonetic Alphabet.............67...

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Introduction: Benjamin Franklin was born in Milk Street, Boston, on January 6, 1706. His father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler who married twice, and of his seventeen children Benjamin was the youngest son. His schooling ended at ten, and at twelve he was bound apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who published the ?New England Courant.? To this journal he became a contributor, and later was for a time its nominal editor....

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Excerpt: Preface By Way Of Criticism. These studies are collected from the monthly press. One appeared in the New Quarterly, one in MacMillan?s, and the rest in the Cornhill Magazine. To the Cornhill I owe a double debt of thanks; first, that I was received there in the very best society, and under the eye of the very best of editors; and second, that the proprietors have allowed me to republish so considerable an amount of copy....

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Contents PREFACE BY WAY OF CRITICISM. ........................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER I ? VICTOR HUGO?S ROMANCES ........................................................................ 15 CHAPTER II ? SOME ASPECTS OF ROBERT BURNS.......................................................... 34 CHAPTER III ? WALT WHITMAN............................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER IV ? HENRY DAVID THOREAU: HIS CHARACTER AND OPINIONS........... 84 CHAPTER V ? YOSHIDA-TORAJIRO..................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER VI ? FRANCOIS VILLON, STUDENT, POET, AND HOUSEBREAKER.........117 CHAPTER VII ? CHARLES OF ORLEANS ............................................................................ 141 CHAPTER VIII ? SAMUEL PEPYS .......................................................................................... 170 CHAPTER IX ? JOHN KNOX AND HIS RELATIONS TO WOMEN .................................. 190...

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Excerpt: Chapter 1. The Foreigner At Home. ?This is no my ain house; I ken by the biggin? o?t.? Two recent books* one by Mr. Grant White on England, one on France by the diabolically clever Mr. Hillebrand, may well have set people thinking on the divisions of races and nations. Such thoughts should arise with particular congruity and force to inhabitants of that United Kingdom, peopled from so many different stocks, babbling so many different dialects, and offering in its extent such singular contrasts, from the busiest over-population to the unkindliest desert, from the Black Country to the Moor of Rannoch. It is not only when we cross the seas that we go abroad; there are foreign parts of England; and the race that has conquered so wide an empire has not yet managed to assimilate the islands whence she sprang. Ireland, Wales, and the Scottish mountains still cling, in part, to their old Gaelic speech. It was but the other day that English triumphed in Cornwall, and they still show in Mousehole, on St. Michael?s Bay, the house of the last Cornish-speaking woman. English itself, which will now frank the traveller through the most of...

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Contents CHAPTER I: THE FOREIGNER AT HOME ..................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II: SOME COLLEGE MEMORIES................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER III: OLD MORTALITY .................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER IV: A COLLEGE MAGAZINE ...................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER V: AN OLD SCOTCH GARDENER ............................................................................. 36 CHAPTER VI: PASTORAL .............................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER VII: THE MANSE .......................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER VIII: MEMOIRS OF AN ISLET .................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER IX: THOMAS STEVENSON ? CIVIL ENGINEER...................................................... 58 CHAPTER X: TALK AND TALKERS ....................

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A book on Smarandache's achievements throughout his life time with a short history on his personal life.

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In the beginning, this international avant-garde was a mutism: to make literature by not writing literature at all!! (any mathematical/chemical/physical etc. abstract sign, any drawing, draft, picture, graffito (having no words, no letters) could mean a poem; the non-literature created became, paradoxically, a new kind of literature; later the paradoxism has generalized the old term of for the n-dimensional and other scientific (Lobacevsky, Riemann, Banach, etc.) spaces, thus a poem can be; an object, a being, a phenomenon, a status ... understandable in a universal language. And further, using mathematics and literature, he got to the Paradoxist Philosophy with the thesis that "Nothing is noncontradictorial" ....

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Abstract................................... 3 Biography Smarandache's wrong life........................ 4 As a mathematician............................ 6 Political reason to leave his native country............. 10 Smarandache Function......................... 20 Mathematical poems........................... 22 What is the paradoxism?........................ 23 Funny stories.............................. 25 Scientific activity Affiliations............................... 27 Mathematical books published.................... 27 Mathematical articles published................... 28 Contributions to many journals................... 32 Collective collections of mathematical problems books..... 33 Manuscripts............................... 33 International congresses of mathematics.............. 34 National seminars/colloquiums................... 34 Student mathematical competitions................. 35 Paintings................................... 37 Literary activity Affiliations............................... 38 The Paradoxist Literary Movement................. 39 Books written in English language................. 39...

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Chapter 1 first introduces the interval neutrosophic sets which is an instance of neutrosophic sets. In this chapter, the definition of interval neutrosophic sets and set-theoretic operators are given and various properties of interval neutrosophic set are proved. Chapter 2 defines the interval neutrosophic logic based on interval neutrosophic sets including the syntax and semantics of first order interval neutrosophic propositional logic and first order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic logic can reason and model fuzzy, incomplete and inconsistent information. In this chapter, we also design an interval neutrosophic inference system based on first order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic inference system can be applied to decision making. Chapter 3 gives one application of interval neutrosophic sets and logic in the field of relational databases. Neutrosophic data model is the generalization of fuzzy data model and paraconsistent data model. Here, we generalize various set-theoretic and relation-theoretic operations of fuzzy data model to neutrosophic data model. Chapter ...

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The neutrosophic set generalizes the above mentioned sets from philosophical point of view. From scientific or engineering point of view, the neutrosophic set and set-theoretic operators need to be specified. Otherwise, it will be difficult to apply in the real applications. In this chapter, we de_ne the set theoretic operators on an instance of neutrosophic set called Interval Neutrosophic Set (INS). We call it as “interval" because it is subclass of neutrosophic set, that is we only consider the subunitary interval of [0; 1]....

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Preface iii 1 Interval Neutrosophic Sets 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Properties of Set-theoretic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.5 Convexity of Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 Interval Neutrosophic Logic 21 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2 Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1 Syntax of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.2 Semantics of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.3 Proof Theory of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 Interval Neutrosophic Predicate Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1 Syntax of Interval Neutrosophic Predicate Cal...

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科学面临的难题 _ 中智学为何诞生 中智学(neutrosophy)起源于1995年美国, 它站在东西文化交融的立场上, 从对立统一的角度探索从科学技术到文学艺术的一切宏观及微观结构, 构造超越一切学科、超越自然科学与社会科学界限的统一场, 以解决当今认知科学、信息科学、系统科学、经济学、量子力学等科学技术前沿难题——非确定性问题。中智学努力通过新型开放模式改造当今各自然科 与社会科学, 实现它们的新陈代谢、改革创新和更新换代。中智学在我们中国还属空白, 故借 对学科正式命名并引入中国。...

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中智学, 新的哲学分支 _(Neutrosophy - A New Branch of Philosophy) 摘要: 本文推出了一个新的哲学分支, 中智学 _(neutrosphy), 研究中性的起源、本质和范畴以及和不同思想观念的作用。它的基本点是: 任何观念具有T%的真实性、I%的不确定性以及 的谬误性, 其中T, I, F为╟-0, 1+╢的标准或非标准子集。 _基本理论:任何观念 _ 趋于被 _ 所中和、削弱和平衡 _(不仅仅是被黑格尔主 的), 达到一种平衡状态。 中智学是中智逻辑学 _(在模糊逻辑的基础上总结出来的多值逻辑)、中智集合论 _(模糊 合论的概括总结)、中智概率论和中智统计学 _(分别是经典及非精确概率论、统计学的概括 结) 的基础。 _ 关键字与短语: 非标准分析, 超实数, 无穷小, 单子, 非标准实数单位区间, 集合运算。 _...

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译者序 _Preface by the Translator ........................................5 作者简介 _Author’s Biography ..........................................9 译者简介 _Biography of the Translator.................................12 原书前言 _查尔斯·李 _.....................................................19 Preface by Charles T. Le 0．引言: 非标准实数单位区间 _.......................................24 Introduction: The Non-Standard Real Unit Interval 1．中智学——哲学的崭新分支 _.......................................27 Neutrosophy - a new branch of philosophy 2．中智逻辑——逻辑学的统一 _........................................90 Neutrosophic Logic - a unifying field in logics 3．中智集合论——集合论的统一 _....................................109 Neutrosophic Set - a unifying field in sets 4．中智概率论 _..........................................................113 ——传统概率论和非精确概率论的概括总结 _ ——以及中智统计学 _ Neutrosophic Probability - a generalization of classical and imprecise probabilities - and Neutrosophic Statistics 附录: 中智学产生的定义 _..............................................117 Addenda: Definitions derived from Neutrosophics...

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1. 科学面临的难题 中智学为何诞生 中智学(neutrosophy)起源于1995年美国, 它站在东西文化交融的立场上, 从对立统一的角度探索从科学技术到文学 艺术的一切宏观及微观结构, 构造超越一切学科、超越自然科学与社会科学界限的统一场, 以 决当今认知科学、信息 科学、系统科学、经济学、量子力学等科学技术前沿难题——非确定性问题。中智学努力通 新型开放模式改造当今 各自然科学与社会科学, 实现它们的新陈代谢、改革创新和更新换代。中智学在我们中国还 空白, 故借此对学科正式 命名并引入中国。...

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中智学, 新的哲学分支(Neutrosophy - A New Branch of Philosophy) 摘要: 本文推出了一个新的哲学分支, 中智学 (neutrosphy), 研究中性的起源、本质和范畴以及和不同思想观念的 作用。它的基本点是: 任何观念具有T%的真实性、I%的不确定性以及 F%的谬误性, 其中T, I, F 为╟-0, 1+╢的标准或 非标准子集。 基本理论:任何观念 趋于被 所中和、削弱和平衡 (不仅仅是被黑格尔主张的), 达到一种 平衡状态。 中智学是中智逻辑学 (在模糊逻辑的基础上总结出来的多值逻辑)、中智集合论 (模糊集合论的概括总结)、中智概 率论和中智统计学 (分别是经典及非精确概率论、统计学的概括总结) 的基础。 关键字与短语: 非标准分析, 超实数, 无穷小, 单子, 非标准实数单位区间, 集合运算。...

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译者序 Preface by the Translator ..................................5 作者简介 Author’s Biography ..............................9 译者简介 Biography of the Translator...........................12 原书前言 查尔斯·李 ............................................18 Preface by Charles T. Le 0．引言: 非标准实数单位区间 ..............................23 Introduction: The Non-Standard Real Unit Interval 1．中智学——哲学的崭新分支 ..............................26 Neutrosophy - a new branch of philosophy 2．中智逻辑——逻辑学的统一 ...............................83 Neutrosophic Logic - a unifying field in logics 3．中智集合论——集合论的统一 ..............................100 Neutrosophic Set - a unifying field in sets 4．中智概率论 ...........................................103 ——传统概率论和非精确概率论的概括总结 ——以及中智统计学 Neutrosophic Probability - a generalization of classical and imprecise probabilities - and Neutrosophic Statistics 附录: 中智学产生的定义 ..................................106 Addenda: Definitions derived from Neutrosophics...

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Reading a Book, a Visual Guide is a Klimers Primers Mind Map on How to Read a Book by Adler and Doren, The Intelligent Guide to Reading. It is a visual guide to all the essential elements of getting the most out of reading any type of book, from novels to history, science to literature, both practical and imaginative texts....

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Synchronize TERMS (with the author) or you'll be speaking different languages.

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How to Read a Book. The Text. Reading. Extrinsic Reading Aids. How to Read Imaginative Literature. How to Read History, Math & Science. How to Read Philosophy. How to Read Social Science. Syntopical Reading. Reflections on How to Read a Book....

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Creaţia este un risc Prefaţă Cei care construiesc şi cei care se căsătoresc nu sunt niciodată în siguranţă, sună un proverb suedez. Deci creaţia, care este o c-o-n-s-t-r-u-c-ţ-i-e, presupune un risc, atrăgând prieteni dar şi duşmani, şi lăsând o a treia categorie de oameni indiferenţi (ca-n logica neutrosofică). În a doua jumătate a vieţii producţia-mi literară s-a redus în cantitate, eu fiind absorbit în (şi sponsorizat pentru) creaţia ştiinţifică aplicată (matematică folosită în inginerie, robotică, medicină, aeronautică, sau încercări sporadice de fizică teoretică). În afara unor autotraduceri, şi-acelea înaintând greu din lipsă de timp, iar în domeniul plastic al ‘artei electronice’ (pe computer), mai scriu ca “literatură” doar memoriile despre diversele conferinţe ştiinţifice internaţionale la care sunt invitat să prezint lucrări de cercetare ori seminarii. Memorii care, de fapt, sunt nişte reportaje, îmbinate cu expunerea de idei şi teorii ştiinţifice, documentarii istorice, geografice, filozofice, antropologice, religioase, artistice, etc. de la diversele muzee, galerii de artă, monumente şi locuri culturale ...

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Cifrele au început să vibreze mi-am încărcat buzunarele cu cifre şi pătrate şi am vâslit hoinar pe drumuri la fiecare colţ al liniei curbe a vieţii aruncam cu cercuri şi triunghiuri în mulţime şi ele rezonau cu cifre am pavat şoseaua iar sub paşii mei au început să vibreze când mi-am umplut plămânii de ele s-au convertit în litere şi am descins pe drumul poeziei...

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Prefaţă: Creaţia este un risc: 5 INTERVIURI: 6 Legătura dintre paradoxism şi Teoria Dezert-Smarandache (Interviu cu Flavia Teoc): 7 Exil sau diasporă? (Interviu cu Silvia Constantinescu): 11 God does play dice! (Interview with Ovidiu Bufnilă): 21 “Totul este posibil, chiar şi imposibilul!” (Interviu cu Tudor Negoescu): 22 Literatura şi ştiinţa experimentală (Interviu cu Adrian Lesenciuc): 28 Gândirea pozitivistă (Interviu cu Gabriel Stănescu): 33 "Rămân emigranţii fideli valorilor culturii de origine?” (Chestionar de Gabriel Stănescu): 36 O luptă permanentă cu viaţa (Interviu cu Crenguţa Ţolea): 38 A fi sau a nu fi paradoxist (Taifas electronic cu Mircea Monu): 47 Nichita versus Florentin (Dialog cu M. N. Rusu): 55 Paradoxism şi (Aut-)Artă: o nouă (dez)ordine culturală? (Interviu cu Mugur Grosu şi Mircea Ţuglea): 56 SCURTE ESEURI: 86 Aut-Artă: 87 Ab ovo: 89 Un Om şi-o Operă (Aurel M. Buricea la 65 de ani): 91 Pasiunea de Dascăl şi Creator: 92 Prolificitatea Profesorului Bencze: 94 Aniversare Alpha: 95 Nuvele serioase în neseriozitatea lor: 96 La frontiera onirismului: 99 Un nou gen literar: 100 Vorbe de duh: 1...

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Abstract. The goal of this paper is to experiment new math concepts and theories, especially if they run counter to the classical ones. To prove that contradiction is not a catastrophe, and to learn to handle it in an (un)usual way. To transform the apparently unscientific ideas into scientific ones, and to develop their study (The Theory of Imperfections). And finally, to interconnect opposite (and not only) human fields of knowledge into a.s-heterogeneous-as-possible another fields. The author welcomes any co=ents, notes, articles on this paper and/or the 120 open questions bothering him, which will be published in a collective monograph about the paradoxist mathematics....

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The "Paradoxist Mathematics" may be understood as Experimental Mathematics, NonMathematics, or even Anti-Mathematics: not in a nihilistic way, but in positive one. The truly innovative researchers will banish the old concepts in oder of check, by heuristic processes, some new ones: their opposites. Don't simply follow the crowd, and don't accept to be manipulated by any (political, economical, social, even scientific, or artistic, cultural, etc.) media! Learn to conradict everuthing and everybody!! "Duibito, ergo cogito; cogito, ergo sum", said Rene Descartes, "I doubt, therefore I think; I think, therefore I exist" (metaphysical doubt). See what happens if you deny the classics' theory?...

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Paradoxist Mathematics [Anti-Mathematics, Multi-Structure and Multi-Space, Space of Non-Integer or Negative Dimention, Inconsistent Sysytem ofAxiomas or Contradictory Theory, Non-Euclidean Geometries: Paradoxist Geometry, Non-Geometry, CounterProjective Geometry and Counter-Axioms, Anti-Geometry and Anti-Axioms, Model of an Anti-Geometry, Discontinuous Geometries] 5 -- Logica sau iogica Matematica? .29 -- Mathematics and Alcohol and God . 30 -- Subjective Questions and Answers for a MathInstructor of Higher Education .32 -- o Geometrie Paradoxista .49 -- Geometric Conjecture .50 -- A Function in the ~umber Theory . 51 -- An Infinity of Unsolved Problems Concerning a Function in the :'-lumber Theory . 57 -- Solving Problems by Using a Function in the Number Theory .79 -- Some Linear Equations Involving a Function in the Number Theory .82 -- Contributii la Studiul unor Functii §i Conjecturi in Teoria Numerelor .85 -- "The Function that You Bear its Name" .112 -- Smarandache Type Functions Obtained by Duality .113 -- Func!;ii Analitice .129 -- Funct;ii Prime §i Coprime .137 -- Asupra unor Conjecturi §i Probleme Nerezolvate Referitoare ...

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Mary Everest Boole (1832-1916) was born Mary Everest in England and spent her early years in France. She married mathematician George Boole. She was the author of several works on teaching and teaching mathematics in particular. This short book, Philosophy and Fun of Algebra, is meant to be read by children and introduces algebra and logic. She uses the word “algebra” broadly, defining it as a “method of solving problems by honest confession of one’s ignorance”. Using this definition, Boole introduces, in a conversational manner, the concepts of logic and algebra, illustrating these concepts with stories and anecdotes, often from biblical sources. At times, her discussion seems somewhat mystical, speaking of the imagination and angels as messengers which guide one toward the next step in a logical investigation. Boole ends the book with a reminder that algebra’s essential element is “the habitual registration of the exact limits of one’s knowledge” and a call for the public to keep this principle in mind when encountering any situation. (Summary written by Patricia Oakley)...

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Children, Philosophy, Science

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Introduction: Francois Marie Arouet, who called himself Voltaire, was the son of Francois Arouet of Poitou, who lived in Paris, had given up his office of notary two years before the birth of this his third son, and obtained some years afterwards a treasurer?s office in the Chambre des Comptes. Voltaire was born in the year 1694. He lived until within ten or eleven years of the outbreak of the Great French Revolution, and was a chief leader in the movement of thought that preceded the Revolution. Though he lived to his eighty-fourth year, Voltaire was born with a weak body....

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Contents LETTER I.?ON THE QUAKERS .............................................................................................................................. 6 LETTER II.?ON THE QUAKERS .......................................................................................................................... 10 LETTER III.?ON THE QUAKERS ......................................................................................................................... 12 LETTER IV.?ON THE QUAKERS......................................................................................................................... 16 LETTER V.?ON THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND .................................................................................................. 20 LETTER VI.?ON THE PRESBYTERIANS............................................................................................................ 23 LETTER VII.?ON THE SOCINIANS, OR ARIANS, OR ANTITRINITARIANS ............................................. 24 LETTER VIII.?ON THE PARLIAMENT ............................................................................................................... ...

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This is an introduction to Einstein’s space-bending, time-stretching theory of Relativity, written by the master himself. Special and General relativity explain the structure of space time and provide a theory of gravitation, respectively. Einstein’s theories shocked the world with their counterintuitive results, including the dissolution of absolute time. In this book he brings a simplified form of his profound understanding of the subject to the layperson. In the words of Einstein: “The present book is intended, as far as possible, to give an exact insight into the theory of Relativity to those readers who, from a general scientific and philosophical point of view, are interested in the theory, but who are not conversant with the mathematical apparatus of theoretical physics.” The book is challenging at times but, when approached patiently, proves itself one of the most lucid explanations of Relativity to be found anywhere. [Due to transcription or optical character recognition errors in creating online texts, and because of less-than-clear fonts in some printed texts, the variables as read in some of the equations here are not as...

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Science

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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A structure theorem of right C-rpp semigroups1 Abstract A new method of construction for right C-rpp semigroups is given by using a right cross product of a right regular band and a strong semilattice of left cancellative monoids. Keywords Right C-rpp semigroups, right cross products, right regular bands, left cancellative monoids. x1. Introduction Recall that a semigroup S is called an rpp semigroup if all its principal right ideals aS1, regarded as right S1-systems, are projective. According to J.B. Fountain[5], a semigroup S is rpp if and only if, for any a 2 S, the set Ma=fe 2 E j S1a µ Se and for all x; y 2 S1, ax = ay ) ex = eyg is a non-empty set, where E is the set of all idempotents of S. An rpp semigroup S is called strongly rpp if for every a 2 S, there exists a unique idempotent e in Ma such that ea=a. It is easy to see that regular semigroups are rpp semigroups and completely regular semigroups are strongly rpp semigroups. Thus, rpp semigroups are generalizations of regular semigroups. A strongly rpp semigroups S is said to be a right C-rpp semigroup if L. _ R is a congruence on S and Se µ eS for all e 2 E(...

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X. Pan and B. Liu : On the irrational root sieve sequence 1 H. Liu : Sub-self-conformal sets 4 K. Liu : On mean values of an arithmetic function 12 L. Wang and Y. Liu : On an infinite series related to Hexagon-numbers 16 X. Ren, etc. : A structure theorem of right C-rpp semigroups 21 A. R. Gilani and B. N. Waphare : Fuzzy extension in BCI-algebras 26 A. S. Shabani : The Pell's equation x2 ¡ Dy2 = §a 33 L. Cheng : On the mean value of the Smarandache LCM function 41 W. Guan : Four problems related to the Pseudo-Smarandache-Squarefree function 45 Y. Lou : On the pseudo Smarandache function 48 J. L. Gonzalez : A miscellaneous remark on problems involving Mersenne primes 51 Y. Liu and J. Li : On the F.Smarandache LCM function and its mean value 52 N. T. Quang and P. D. Tuan : A generalized abc-theorem for functions of several variables 56 W. Liu, etc. : An assessment method for weight of experts at interval judgment 61 Y. Xue : On the F.Smarandache LCM function SL(n) 69 Y. Zheng : On the Pseudo Smarandache function and its two conjectures 74 Z. Ding : Diophantine equations and their positive integer solutions 77 S. Gou ...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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Abstract In this paper, we use 4-cyclotomic cosets of modulo n and generator polynomials to describe quaternary simple-root cyclic codes of length n = 85. We discuss the conditions under which a quaternary cyclic codes contain its dual, and obtain some quantum error-correcting codes of length n = 85, three of these codes are better than previous known codes. Keywords Quaternary cyclic code, self-orthogonal code, quantum error-correcting code. x1. Introduction Since the initial discovery of quantum error-correcting codes, researchers have made great progress in developing quantum error-correcting codes. Many code construction are given. Reference [1] gives a thorough discussion of the principles of quantum coding theory. Many good quantum error-correcting codes were constructed from BCH codes, Reed-Muller codes, Reed-Solomon codes and algebraic geometric codes, see [2-6]. So it is natural to construct quantum error-correcting codes from quaternary cyclic codes. It is known that there is a close relation between cyclotomic coset and cyclic codes. Suggested by this relation, we use 4-cyclotomic coset modulo n and generator polyn...

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S. M. Khairnar and M. More : Subclass of analytic and univalent functions in the unit disk 1 Y. Ma, etc. : Large quaternary cyclic codes of length 85 and related quantum error-correcting 9 J. Chen : Value distribution of the F.Smarandache LCM function 15 M. Bencze : About a chain of inequalities 19 C. Tian and N. Yuan : On the Smarandache LCM dual function 25 J. Caltenco, etc. : Riemannian 4-spaces of class two 29 Y. Xue : On a conjecture involving the function SL¤(n) 41 Y. Wang : Some identities involving the near pseudo Smarandache function 44 A. Gilani and B. Waphare : On pseudo a-ideal of pseudo-BCI algebras 50 J. Chen : An equation involving the F.Smarandache multiplicative function 60 M. Enciso-Aguilar, etc. : Matrix elements for the morse and coulomb interactions 66 Y. Xu and S. Li : On s¤¡Supplemented Subgroups of Finite Groups 73 C. Tian : Two equations involving the Smarandache LCM dual function 80 W. Zheng and J. Dou : Periodic solutions of impulsive periodic Competitor- Competitor-Mutualist system 86 X. Zhang : On the fourth power mean value of B(Â) 93 Z. Lv : On the F.Smarandache function and its mean val...

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Parapedagogy is the science which studies the techniques of instruction and destruction and the deconfiguration of personality. It is concerned with non goals, discontents, anti principles, methods and disorganization forms of the education. In the misseducation research other disciplines are involved, such as the inhuman anatomy and psychology (especially the mass brain washing), the anti sociology of education which studies the psycho-asocial-anti-cultural medium and its sad influence over the personality. ...

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The parapedagogy definition The parapedagogy is the science which studies the techniques of instruction and destruction and the deconfiguration of personality. It is concerned with non goals, discontents, principles, methods and disorganization forms of the instruction and misseducation. The fundamental research in parapedagogy has the main goal to discover the laws and principles of parapedagogy, to establish an idealistic philosophy of the misseducation guideline in the misprocess of reconfiguration of the inhuman personality. The applicative research is preoccupied with student’s individuality, to detect and develop the inaptitude, anti talents, and the discovery of methods and procedures, which would decrease the school efficiency in its misprocess. In the parapedagogy research other disciplines are involved, such as the inhuman anatomy and psychology (especially the brain washing in mass), the sociology of misseducation which studies the psycho-asocial-anti-cultural medium and its influence over the personality. The historic and dialectic immaterialism constitutes the theoretical and methodological base of the parapedagogy res...

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Table of Discontents .................................5 Chapter 1 – Misseducation and Parapedagogy............... 10 Misseducation and parapedagogy...........................10 The miss concept of misseducation..........................13 Chapter 2 - The parapedagogic research.................. 14 The parapedagogy definition.............................14 The non‐objectives of parapedagogy research......................14 Research methods in parapedagogy..........................14 The biological bases of the psychological under development...............18 The role of the environment in personality disconfiguration................19 The rapport between maturity, learning, under‐development...............19 Chapter 3 - Knowledge about student’s personality .............20 The phases of intellectual under‐development......................20 The miss‐concepts of individual, person and personality..................21 The psychological miss‐concept of personality ......................22 Chapter 4 – Programs of study and characterization ............ 26 The main characteristics ...............................29 CHOLERIC...

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Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Latin for "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", often referred to as simply the Principia, is a work in three books by Sir Isaac Newton, first published 5 July 1687. Newton also published two further editions, in 1713 and 1726. The Principia states Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics, also Newton's law of universal gravitation, and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion (which Kepler first obtained empirically). The Principia is "justly regarded as one of the most important works in the history of science". The French mathematical physicist Alexis Clairaut assessed it in 1747: "The famous book of mathematical Principles of natural Philosophy marked the epoch of a great revolution in physics. The method followed by its illustrious author Sir Newton, spread the light of mathematics on a science which up to then had remained in the darkness of conjectures and hypotheses." A more recent assessment has been that while acceptance of Newton's theories was not immediate, by the end of a century after publication in 1687, "no one could deny...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics. ...

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x3. Some Observations Some observations about the Pseudo-Smarandache Function are given below : Remark 3.1. Kashihara raised the following questions (see Problem 7 in [1]) : (1) Is there any integer n such that Z(n) > Z(n + 1) > Z(n + 2) > Z(n + 3)? (2) Is there any integer n such that Z(n) < Z(n + 1) < Z(n + 2) < Z(n + 3)? The following examples answer the questions in the affirmative: ...

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A. Majumdar : A note on the Pseudo-Smarandache function 1 S. Gupta : Primes in the Smarandache deconstructive sequence 26 S. Zhang and C. Chen : Recursion formulae for Riemann zeta function and Dirichlet series 31 A. Muktibodh : Smarandache semiquasi near-rings 41 J. Sandor : On exponentially harmonic numbers 44 T. Jayeo. la : Parastrophic invariance of Smarandache quasigroups 48 M. Karama : Perfect powers in Smarandache n-expressions 54 T. Jayeo. la : Palindromic permutations and generalized Smarandache palindromic permutations 65 J. Sandor : On certain inequalities involving the Smarandache function 78 A. Muktibodh : Sequences of pentagonal numbers 81 J. Gao : On the additive analogues of the simple function 88 W. Zhu : On the primitive numbers of power p 92 A. Vyawahare : Smarandache sums of products 96 N. Yuan : On the solutions of an equation involving the Smarandache dual function 104 H. Zhou : An in¯nite series involving the Smarandache power function SP(n) 109...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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An identity involving the function ep(n) Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between the Riemann zeta-function and an in¯nite series involving the Smarandache function ep(n) by using the elementary method, and give an interesting identity. Keywords Riemann zeta-function, in¯nite series, identity. x1. Introduction and Results Let p be any fixed prime, n be any positive integer, ep(n) denotes the largest exponent of power p in n. That is, ep(n) = m, if pm j n and pm+1 - n. In problem 68 of [1], Professor F.Smarandache asked us to study the properties of the sequence fep(n)g. About the elementary properties of this function, many scholars have studied it (see reference [2]-[7]), and got some useful results. For examples, Liu Yanni [2] studied the mean value properties of ep(bk(n)), where bk(n) denotes the k-th free part of n, and obtained an interesting mean value formula for it. That is, let p be a prime, k be any fixed positive integer, then for any real number x ¸ 1, we have the asymptotic formula....

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F. Ayatollah, etc. : Some faces of Smarandache semigroups' concept in transformation semigroups' approach 1 G. Feng : On the F.Smarandache LCM function 5 N. Quang and P. Tuan : An extension of Davenport's theorem 9 M. Zhu : On the hybrid power mean of the character sums and the general Kloosterman sums 14 H. Yang and R. Fu : An equation involving the square sum of natural numbers and Smarandache primitive function 18 X. Pan and P. Zhang : An identity involving the Smarandache function ep(n) 26 A.A.K. Majumdar : A note on the Smarandache inversion sequence 30 F. Li : Some Dirichlet series involving special sequences 36 Y. Wang : An asymptotic formula of Sk(n!) 40 S. Gao and Z. Shao : A fuzzy relaxed approach for multi-objective transportation problem 44 J. Li : An infinity series involving the Smarandache-type function 52 B.E. Carvajal-Gamez, etc. : On the Lorentz matrix in terms of Infeld-van der Waerden symbols 56 X. Li : On the mean value of the Smarandache LCM function 58 K. Ran and S. Gao : Ishikawa iterative approximation of fixed points for multi-valued Ástrongly pseudo-contract mappings 63 X. Fan : On the divisi...

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This issue of the journal is devoted to the proceedings of the third International Conference on Number Theory and Smarandache Problems. The conference was a great success and will give a strong impact on the development of number theory in general and Smarandache problems in particular. In this volume we assemble not only those papers which were presented at the conference but also those papers which were submitted later and are concerned with the Smarandache type problems or other mathematical problems. Other papers are concerned with the number-theoretic Smarandache problems and will enrich the already rich stock of results on them. Readers can learn various techniques used in number theory and will get familiar with the beautiful identities and sharp asymptotic formulas obtained in the volume....

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Abstract : Let k be any ¯xed positive integer, n be any positive integer, Sk(n) denotes the smallest positive integer m such that m! is divisible by kn: In this paper, we use the elementary methods to study the asymptotic properties of Sk(n), and give an interesting asymptotic formula for it. Keywords : F. Smarandache problem, primitive numbers, asymptotic formula. ...

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J. Wang : Cube-free integers as sums of two squares 1 G. Liu and H. Li : Recurrences for generalized Euler numbers 9 H. Li and Q. Yang : Some properties of the LCM sequence 14 M. Liu : On the generalization of the primitive number function 18 Z. Lv : On the F. Smarandache LCM function and its mean value 22 Q. Wu : A conjecture involving the F. Smarandache LCM function 26 S. Xue : On the Smarandache dual function 29 N. Yuan : A new arithmetical function and its asymptotic formula 33 A. Muktibodh, etc. : Sequences of pyramidal numbers 39 R. Zhang and S. Ma : An e±cient hybrid genetic algorithm for continuous optimization problems 46 L. Mao : An introduction to Smarandache multi-spaces and mathematical combinatorics 54 M. Selariu : Smarandache stepped functions 81 X. Zhang and Y. Zhang : Sequences of numbers with alternate common di®erences 93 Y. Zhang : On the near pseudo Smarandache function 98 A. Muktibodh : Smarandache mukti-squares 102...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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0. In 1999, the second author of this remarks published a book over 30 of Smarandache's problems in area of elementary number theory (see [1, 2]). After this, we worked over new 20 problems that we collected in our book [28]. These books contain Smarandache's problems, described in [10, 16]. The present paper contains some of the results from [28]. In [16] Florentin Smarandache formulated 105 unsolved problems, while in [10] C.Dumitresu and V. Seleacu formulated 140 unsolved problems of his. The second book contains almost all the problems from [16], but now each problem has unique number and by this reason in [1, 28] and here the authors use the numeration of the problems from [10]. In the text below the following notations are used....

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V. Mladen and T. Krassimir : Remarks on some of the Smarandache's problem. Part 2 1 W. Kandasamy : Smarandache groupoids 27 L. Ding : On the primitive numbers of power P and its mean value properties 36 D. Torres and V. Teca : Consecutive, reversed, mirror, and symmetric Smarandache sequence of triangular numbers 39 D. Ren : On the square-free number sequence 46 T. Ramaraj and N. Kannappa : On ¯nite Smarandache near-rings 49 X. Kang : Some interesting properties of the Smarandache function 52 L. Mao : On Automorphism Groups of Maps, Surfaces and Smarandache Geometries 55 L. Ding : On the mean value of Smarandache ceil function 74 M. Le : An equation concerning the Smarandache function 78 M. Bayat, H. Teimoori and M. Hassani : An extension of ABC-theorem 81 J. Ma : An equation involving the Smarandache function 89 C. Chen : Inequalities for the polygamma functions with application 91 W. Vasantha and M. Chetry : On the number of Smarandache zero-divisors and Smarandache weak zero-divisors in loop rings 96 M. Le : The function equation S(n) = Z(n) 109 Z. Li : On the Smarandache Pseudo-number Sequences 111 D. Mehendale :...

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This book was intended to discuss some paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics from the viewpoint of Multi-Valued-logic pioneered by Lukasiewicz, and a recent concept Neutrosophic Logic. Essentially, this new concept offers new insights on the idea of ‘identity’, which too often it has been accepted as given....

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2 Lukasiewicz Multi-Valued-logic: History and Introduction to Multi- Valued Algebra 2.1 Introduction to trivalent logic and plurivalent logic We all have heard of typical binary logic, Yes or No. Or in a famous phrase by Shakespeare: “To be or not to be.” In the same way all computer hardwares from early sixties up to this year are built upon the same binary logic. It is known that the Classical Logic, also called Bivalent Logic for taking only two values {0, 1}, or Boolean Logic from British mathematician George Boole (1815-64), was named by the philosopher Quine (1981) “sweet simplicity.” [57] But this typical binary logic is not without problems. In the light of aforementioned ‘garment analogue’, we can compare this binary logic with a classic black-and-white tuxedo. It is timeless design, but of course you will not wear it for all occasions. Aristotle himself apparently knew this problem; therefore he introduced new terms ‘contingency’ and ‘possibility’ into his modal logic [5]. And then American logician Lewis first formulated these concepts of logical modality. ...

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Contents Foreword 6 1 Introduction: Paradoxes, Lukasiewicz, Multi-Valued logic 7 2 Lukasiewicz Multi-Valued Logic: History and Introduction to Multi-Valued Algebra 10 2.1. Introduction to trivalent logic and plurivalent logic 10 2.2. History of Lukasiewicz and Multi-Valued Logic 12 2.3. Introduction to Multi-Valued Algebra, Chang’s Notation 15 2.4. Linkage between Multi-Valued Logic and Quantum Mechanics 15 2.5. Exercise 17 3 Neutrosophy 25 3.1. Introduction to Neutrosophy 25 3.2. Introduction to Non-Standard Analysis 26 3.3. Definition of Neutrosophic Components 27 3.4. Formalization 28 3.5. Evolution of an Idea 30 3.6. Definition of Neutrosophic Logic 31 3.7. Differences between Neutrosophic Logic and IFL 32 3.8. Operations with Sets 33 3.9. Generalizations 34 4 Schrödinger Equation 39 4.1. Introduction 39 4.2. Quantum wave dynamics and classical dynamical system 43 4.3. A new derivation of Schrödinger-type Equation 45 5 Solution to Schrödinger’s Cat Paradox 47 5.1. Standard interpretation 47 5.2. Schrödinger’s Cat Paradox 48 5.3. Hidden-variable hypothesis 50 5.4. Hydrodynamic viewpoint and diffusion i...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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Smarandache inversion sequence Abstract We study the Smarandache inversion sequence which is a new concept, related sequences, conjectures, properties, and problems. This study was conducted by using (Maple 8){a computer Algebra System. Keywords Smarandache inversion, Smarandache reverse sequence. Introduction In [1], C.Ashbacher, studied the Smarandache reverse sequence: 1; 21; 321; 4321; 54321; 654321; 7654321; 87654321; 987654321; 10987654321; 1110987654321; (1) and he checked the _rst 35 elements and no prime were found. I will study sequence (1), from different point of view than C. Ashbacher. The importance of this sequence is to consider the place value of digits for example the number 1110987654321, to be considered with its digits like this : 11; 10; 9; 8; 7; 6; 5; 4; 3; 2; 1, and so on. (This consideration is the soul of this study because our aim is to study all relations like this (without loss of generality). Definition. The value of the Smarandache Inversions (SI) of a positive integers, is the number of the relations i > j ( i and j are the digits of the positive integer that we concern with it), where i alw...

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M. Karama : Smarandache inversion sequence 1 W. He, D. Cui, Z. Zhao and X. Yan : Global attractivity of a recursive sequence 15 J. Earls : Smarandache reversed slightly excessive numbers 22 X. Ren and H. Zhou : A new structure of super R¤-unipotent semigroups 24 J. Li : An equation involving the Smarandache-type function 31 P. Zhang : An equation involving the function ±k(n) 35 Y. B. Jun : Smarandache fantastic ideals of Smarandache BCI-algebras 40 T. Jayeo. la : On the Universality of some Smarandache loops of Bol-Moufang type 45 W. Kandasamy, M. Khoshnevisan and K. Ilanthenral : Smarandache representation and its applications 59 Y. Wang, X. Ren and S. Ma : The translational hull of superabundant semigroups with semilattice of idempotents 75 M. Bencze : Neutrosophic applications in ¯nance, economics and politics|a continuing bequest of knowledge by an exemplarily innovative mind 81 J. Fu : An equation involving the Smarandache function 83 W. Zhu : The relationship between Sp(n) and Sp(kn) 87 X. Du : On the integer part of the M-th root and the largest M-th power not exceeding N 91 J. Earls : On the ten's complement fa...

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In the volume we assemble not only those papers which were presented at the conference but also those papers which were submitted later and are concerned with the Smarandache type problems. There are a few papers which are not directly related to but should fall within the scope of Smarandache type problems. They are 1. L. Liu and W. Zhou, On conjectures about the class number of binary quadratic forms; 2. W. Liang, An identity for Stirling numbers of the second kind; 3. Y. Wang and Z. Sheng, Two formulas for x^n in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. Other papers are concerned with the number-theoretic Smarandache problems and will enrich the already rich stock of results on them. Readers can learn various techniques used in number theory and will get familiar with the beautiful identities and sharp asymptotic formulas obtained in the volume....

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On Algebraic Multi-Vector Spaces Abstract A Smarandache multi-space is a union of n spaces A1;A2;An with some additional conditions hold. Combining these Smarandache multi-spaces with linear vector spaces in classical linear algebra, the conception of multi-vector spaces is introduced. Some characteristics of multi-vector spaces are obtained in this paper. Keywords Vector, multi-space, multi-vector space, dimension of a space. x1. Introduction These multi-spaces was introduced by Smarandache in under his idea of hybrid mathematics: combining different fields into a unifying field, which can be formally defined with mathematical words by the next definition. ...

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L. Mao : On Algebraic Multi-Vector Spaces 1 L. Liu and W. Zhou : On conjectures concerning class number of binary quadratic forms 7 W. Zhai and H. Liu : On square-free primitive roots mod p 15 X. Pan : A new limit theorem involving the Smarandache LCM sequence 20 M. Le : The Smarandache Perfect Numbers 24 N. Yuan : On the solutions of an equation involving the Smarandache dual function 27 J. Wang : Mean value of a Smarandache-Type Function 31 H. Yang and R. Fu : On the mean value of the Near Pseudo Smarandache Function 35 W. Liang : An Identity of Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind 40 R. Ma : On the F.Smarandache LCM Ratio Sequence 44 L. Mao : On Algebraic Multi-Ring Spaces 48 Y. Han : On the Product of the Square-free Divisor of a Natural Number 55 P. Zhang : Some identities on k-power complement 60 Y. Wang and Z. Sheng : Two Formulas for xn being Represented by Chebyshev Polynomials 64 X. Chen : Two Problems About 2-Power Free Numbers 70 X. Ma : The Asymptotic Formula of P n·x log Pad(n) 72 Q. Tian : On the K-power free number sequence 77 C. Lv : On a generalized equation of Smarandache and its integer sol...

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Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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x1. Introduction The study of Smarandache loops was initiated by W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy in 2002. In her book [19], she defined a Smarandache loop (S-loop) as a loop with at least a subloop which forms a subgroup under the binary operation of the loop. For more on loops and their properties, readers should check [16], [3], [5], [8], [9] and [19]. In her book, she introduced over 75 Smarandache concepts on loops. In her ¯rst paper [20], she introduced Smarandache : left(right) alternative loops, Bol loops, Moufang loops, and Bruck loops. But in this paper, Smarandache : inverse property loops (IPL), weak inverse property loops (WIPL), G-loops, conjugacy closed loops (CC-loop), central loops, extra loops, A-loops, K-loops, Bruck loops, Kikkawa loops, Burn loops and homogeneous loops will be introduced and studied relative to the holomorphs of loops. Interestingly, Adeniran [1] and Robinson [17], Oyebo [15], Chiboka and Solarin [6], Bruck [2], Bruck and Paige [4], Robinson [18], Huthnance [11] and Adeniran [1] have respectively studied the holomorphs of Bol loops, central loops, conjugacy closed loops, inverse property loops, A-loops,...

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T. Jayeo. la : An holomorphic study of the Smarandache concept in loops 1 Z. Xu : Some arithmetical properties of primitive numbers of power p 9 A. Muktibodh : Smarandache Quasigroups 13 M. Le : Two Classes of Smarandache Determinants 20 Y. Shao, X. Zhao and X. Pan : On a Subvariety of + S` 26 T. Kim, C. Adiga and J. Han : A note on q-nanlogue of Sandor's functions 30 Q. Yang : On the mean value of the F. Smarandache simple divisor function 35 Q. Tian : A discussion on a number theoretic function 38 X. Wang : On the mean value of the Smarandache ceil function 42 Y. Wang : Some identities involving the Smarandache ceil function 45 J. Yan, X. Ren and S. Ma : The Structure of principal lters on po-semigroups 50 Y. Lu : F. Smarandache additive k-th power complements 55 M. Le : The Smarandache reverse auto correlated sequences of natural numbers 58 M. Karama : Smarandache partitions 60 L. Mao : On Algebraic Multi-Group Spaces 64 F. Russo : The Smarandache P and S persistence of a prime 71 Y. Lu : On the solutions of an equation involving the Smarandache function 76 H. Ibstedt : A Random Distribution Experiment 80 L. Mao...

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Etymologically, aphorism + floral = aph(L)orism, which is a short reflection written on a floral design, or a short poetry accompanied by an artistic background. They are colorful contemplations. Maximus in minimis (Lat.) means very much in very little [max in min], or condensed thought, or ideating essence. They are actually maxims, adages, sayings mostly in one line (uni-stich) with a title, as a metaphoric statement, a breathing momentum that oils our soul....

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Nonchalantly : The wind with its mantle steps lightly. Skin Condition : The Sun has spots too. At what time? When it rains, God cries. Atmosphere : Blue, as the sky dirtied by clouds. Bright : A balcony full of Sun. Natural disaster : The swans look drunk on the fetid lake. Surprisingly : The crow is a beautiful black. Elegant woman : A bird high on her legs. Most powerful chess piece : You are a queen but only in the dark. Medicinal plant : You’re a flower but amongst weeds. Force that attracts food : The stomach’s gravitation pulls me to food....

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Passion.......................................................................23 Worthless.....................................................................23 Tired of you....................................................................23 Tittle-tattle....................................................................23 Talk is cheep...................................................................24 Give the man what he doesn’t have.................................................24 Novel for (non) writers...........................................................24 Desolate......................................................................24 Did I have the pleasure...........................................................24 Sloppy work....................................................................25 Despicable.....................................................................25 Wanted.......................................................................25 Talking in vain..................................................................25 Use caplets.....................................................

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The 2000 year history of the atom and chemistry, from the Classic Greek Era to the present, is described in 800 pages, depicted with some 300 pictures and illustrations. This history of the atom and chemistry discusses the lives of about 180 chemists and physicists, through the evolution of several stages of development, representing the most important scientific accomplishments. The most significant discoveries in chemistry and physics are presented chronologically to illustrate their contributions to the creation of the chemical sciences during the last 21 centuries....

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INTRODUCTION It is a genuine pleasure and challenge for me to try to express the full extent of my emotions and reasons for writing this book on the STORY OF THE ATOM AND THE SCIENCES, with special reference to the CHEMICAL SCIENCES. In one sentence, I can distill the essence of the purpose for this study by simply stating that it has been a labor of love that transcended the written word because sentiments and ideas belong in the realm of the ethereal and the philosophical as well as in the domain of LITERATURE and SCIENCE. Ever since a young and impressionable student attending a country school in a community of a few hundred people, began to be introduced to the world of knowledge over 65 years ago, the sciences became to me what water is to fish, air is to birds and earth is to humanity. The introduction to the mathematical, physical, chemical and biological sciences felt like reading a beautiful poem or listening to a romantic melody. In essence, it was truly a joyful experience, full of the enigmatic, the mysterious and the fantastic, beyond my wildest imagination. The words used in the title of this book, were car...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 THE STORY OF THE ATOM AND CHEMISTRY 7 THE CAVE MAN 7 ABSTRACT ON THE CONCEPT OF PERSPECTIVE AND SENSE OF DUTY 8 THE MIGRATORY AND THE SEDENTARY MAN 9 ABSTRACT ON THE ATOM AND ITS ENERGY 11 THE CLASSIC GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS 17 EMPEDOCLES (492-432 BC) Greek Philosopher 20 Proposed the four basic elements: earth, water, air and fire. DEMOCRITUS (470-380 BC) Greek Philosopher 22 The founder of the atomic theory of antiquity. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (100-170) Greek Astronomer 24 Proponent of the geocentric theory of our solar system with the Earth and not the Sun at its center. ABSTRACT ON THE GENESIS OF AN ORDERLY AND SYSTEMATIC UNIVERSE 25 THE ALCHEMY OF ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES 32 THE METAL INDUSTRY OF ANTIQUITY 33 Mercury, Copper, Bronze, Iron and Steel. GEBER (721-815) Arabian Alchemist 38 One of the first scholars and alchemists of the Islamic world. OMAR KHAYYAM (12th Century). Persian Scientist and Astronomer 38 Brilliant astronomer and alchemist of the 12th Century. BERNARDO TREVISAN (1406 -1490) Italian Alchemist 39 One of the most famous alchemists of th...

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The whole paradoxist distich should be as a geometric unitary parabola, hyperbola, ellipse at the borders between art, philosophy, rebus, and mathematics – which exist in complementariness. The School of Paradoxist Literature, which evolved around 1980s, continues through these bi-verses closed in a new lyric exact formula, but with an opening to essence. For this kind of procedural poems one can elaborate mathematical algorithms and implement them in a computer: but, it is preferable a machine with … soul!...

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I M M O D E S T With the shame Shamelessness U N D E C I D E D Fighting Himself J A Z Z ( I ) Melodious Anarchy J A Z Z ( I I ) Anarchic Melody...

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Fore/word and Back/word _________ 3 The making of the distich : _____ 3 Characteristics: ______________ 3 Historical considerations: _____ 5 Types of Paradoxist distiches ___ 8 1. Clichés paraphrased: ___ 8 2. Parodies: _____________ 8 3. Reversed formulae: ____ 8 4. Double negation _______ 8 5. Double affirmation, ____ 8 6. Turn around on false tracks: _________________ 8 7. Hyperboles (exaggerated): __________________ 8 8. With nuance changeable from the title: ________ 8 9. Epigrammatic: ________ 8 10. Pseudo-paradoxes: ___ 8 11. Tautologies: ________ 9 12. Redundant: _________ 9 13. Based on pleonasms: _ 9 14. or on anti-pleonasms: 9 15. Substitution of the attribute in collocations ___ 9 16. Substitution of the complement in collocations 9 17. Permutation of various parts of the whole: ___ 9 18. The negation of the clichés ______________ 10 19. Antonymization (substantively, adjectively, etc.) ________________ 10 20. Fable against the grain: _________________ 10 21. Change in grammatical category (preserving substitutions’ homonymy): ________________ 10 22. Epistolary or colloquia style: _________...

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The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiments, solved and unsolved problems and conjectures, updated or alternative versions of previous papers, short or long humanistic essays, letters to the editors...

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This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We propose a statistical method to extrapolate such critical limit to primary tumour volume. Our model does not involve any physiological variables but rather is entirely based on time series observations of increase in primary tumour volume from the point of initial detection to the actual detection of metastases....

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Collected Eclectic Ideas - preface by the author.............................3 Contents....................................................6 ASTRONOMY..................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS....................................53 5. A Triple Inequality with Series and Improper Integrals, by Florentin Smarandache, in Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 25E, No. 1, 215-217, 2006.........54 6. Immediate Calculation of Some Poisson Type Integrals Using SuperMathematics Circular Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen................................

Description Details
The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiments, solved and unsolved problems and conjectures, updated or alternative versions of previous papers, short or long humanistic essays, letters to the editors...

Excerpt Details
This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We propose a statistical method to extrapolate such critical limit to primary tumour volume. Our model does not involve any physiological variables but rather is entirely based on time series observations of increase in primary tumour volume from the point of initial detection to the actual detection of metastases....

Table of Contents Details
Collected Eclectic Ideas - preface by the author.............................3 Contents....................................................6 ASTRONOMY..................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS....................................53 5. A Triple Inequality with Series and Improper Integrals, by Florentin Smarandache, in Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 25E, No. 1, 215-217, 2006.........54 6. Immediate Calculation of Some Poisson Type Integrals Using SuperMathematics Circular Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen................................